LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


SPRING  FLORA 

of  the 

WASATCH  REGION 


BY 


A.  O.  GARRETT,  A.  B. 

Head  Department  Biology,  Salt  Lake  High  School. 


SKELTON  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 

1911 


COPYRIGHT,  1911 
BY  A.  O.  GARRETT 


M  [\  /  0   I 


PREFACE 


Of  all  the  botanical  areas  in  the  United  States, 
perhaps  none  has  more  sharply  defined  boundaries  than 
the  Great  Basin.  Here  we  have  a  vast  interior  drainage 
basin ;  lofty  mountains  to  the  east  and  to  the  west,  and 
arid  or  semi-arid  lands  extending  in  nearly  all 
directions  beyond  its  boundaries.  Some  few  of  the 
plants  of  neighboring  districts  have  succeeded  in 
passing  these  barriers,  but  have  gotten  no  further;  and 
so  here  we  find  a  meeting-place  of  the  floras  of  the 
east,  of  the  west,  of  the  north  and  of  the  south.  And 
yet  this  region  never  has  had  a  botanical  manual  of 
its  own!  Those  who  live  on  its  western  borders  have 
to  be  content  with  a  Flora  prepared  for  California; 
while  those  on  its  eastern  side  must  be  satisfied  with  a 
book  taking  the  Continental  Divide  for  its  central 
point,  and  extending  westward  to  the  Great  Basin. 
What  wonder,  then,  that  less  than  half  of  our  species 
are  therein  included,  and  that  consequently  the 
teachers  attempting  systematic  work  find  themselves 
seriously  handicapped!  These  small  manuals  have 
been  without  exception  unsatisfactory;  as  must  be 
every  small  book  of  this  character  which  attempts  to 
cover  a  large  area,  especially  where  the  area  pretended 
to  be  cohered  consists  of  parts  of  several  distinct 
botanical  areas.  9O1  Or>r 


iv.  PREFACE 

To  furnish  a  Flora  containing  practically  all  the 
plants  of  a  limited  area  that  bloom  during  the  spring 
months  is  the  aim  of  this  little  book.  The  area  repre- 
sented is  that  of  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Great  Basin 
as  far  south  as  Manti.  Only  those  plants  blooming  by 
June  fifteenth  have  been  included. 

Believing  that  an  international  botanical  code  is 
preferable  to  one  of  local  application,  the  writer  has 
endeavored  to  follow  the  rules  of  nomenclature 
established  by  the  Vienna  Congress. 

This  little  book  is  prepared  for  the  use  of  the 
student  who  has  no  previous  botanical  training  in  the 
use  of  a  key  and  manual;  hence  the  descriptions  in 
many  cases  have  been  made  longer  than  would  be 
necessary  for  the  trained  botanist ;  technical  terms  have 
been  used  as  sparingly  as  possible,  and  the  keys  are 
correspondingly  simple  and  often  artificial. 

Because  of  the  extremely  divergent  views  held  by 
botanists  today,  both  regarding  nomenclature  and 
specific  and  generic  limitations,  the  writer  gives  a 
more  extended  synonomy  than  is  usually  thought 
necessary  for  so  limited  a  manual ;  but  it  will  be 
found  that  an  extensive  list  of  synonyms  is  absolutely 
required  by  the  teacher  who  does  not  have  access  to 
a  fairly  complete  botanical  library.  In  order  that  these 
synonyms  be  in  the  most  convenient  place,  they  have 
been  put  immediately  after  the  accepted  name  of  the 
plant,  instead  of  at  the  end  of  the  description  as  is 
usually  done. 

In  compiling  this  Manual,  the  writer  has  made  use 
of  Britton  &  Brown's  Illustrated  Manual  of  the 
Northern  States  and  Canada;  of  both  editions  of 
Coulter's  Manual  of  Rocky  Mountain  Botany;  of 


PREFACE  v. 

Jepson's  Flora  of  California;  of  Miss  Eastwood's  Key 
and  Flora  of  Rocky  Mountain  Botany;  of  Rydberg 's 
Flora  of  Colorado;  of  Piper's  Flora  of  Washington, 
and  of  the  original  descriptions  of  many  of  the  plants 
published  in  the  various  botanical  journals. 

To  Dr.  Rydberg,  to  Dr.  Nelson  and  to  Professor 
Marcus  E.  Jones  for  determination  of  material;  to 
Professor  Charles  P.  Smith  for  furnishing  lists  of  the 
spring-flowering  plants  of  Cache  County;  to  Dr. 
Rydberg  and  to  Professor  Jones  for  advice  on  critical 
points,  and  especially  to  the  latter  for  valuable  criti- 
cism of  the  manuscript,  the  writer's  warmest  thanks 
are  due. 

Doubtless  discrepancies  may  be  discovered  when 
the  book  is  put  to  use,  and  plants  will  be  found  not 
herein  included.  It  is  the  writer's  earnest  wis"h  that 
these  may  be  communicated  to  him,  in  order  that  all 
such  errors  of  commission  and  omission  may  be 
rectified.  For  this  very  reason,  the  present  edition  is 
based  on  an  estimate  of  only  a  yearte  supply.  The 
writer  hereby  offers  his  aid  to  the  teachers  of  botany 
in  determining  any  plants  that  may  be  sent  to  him, 
with  the  end  in  view  that  we  may  all  become  better 
acquainted  with  the  flora,  of  our  State. 

A.  O.  G. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah, 
Jan.  25,  1911. 


KEY     TO     THE     FAMILIES. 


DIVISION  SPERMATOPHYTA. 
(SPERMATOPHYTES).     Seed  Plants. 


Class  I.     Gymnospermae.    Gymnosperms  or  Polycotyls. 

Ovules  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary.  Evergreen  shrubs  and 
trees  with  needle-like,  scale-like  or  awl-shaped 
leaves. 

Ovules  2  or  more  at  the  base  of  each  scale;  fruit  a 
cone  (berry-like  in  Juniperus)  by  the  coherence 
of  scales Pinaceee  1 

Class   II.     Angiospermae.     Angiosperms. 

Ovules  in  an  ovary,  the  latter  when  ripe  becoming  the  fruit. 

Subclass  1.     Monocotyledoneae.     Monocotyls. 

Stem  without  distinct  zones  of  bark,  wood  and  pith;  leaves 
mostly  parallel-veined,  the  early  ones  always  al- 
ternate; parts  of  the  flower  in  threes  (rarely  in 
fours),  never  in  fives;  embryo  with  a  single 
cotyledon. 
Ovary  free  from  the  floral  envelopes;  i.  e.,  it  is 

"superior."      Stamens   6 Lllinceae        4 

Ovary  adnate  to  the  floral  envelopes;  i.  e.,  it  is 
"inferior." 

Flowers  regular;   stamens  3 Iridncece        8 

Flowers      irregular;       anther-bearing      stamens      1 

or  2 Orchidncene        8 

Subclass  II.    Dicotyledoneae.     Dicotyls. 

Stem  with  distinct  zones  of  bark,  wood  and  pith;  leaves 
mostly  netted-veined.  Parts  of  flower  mostly  in 
fours  or  fives.  Embryo  normally  with  2  cotyledons 
(none  iti  Cuscuta,  1  by  abortion  in  Abronia,  4  in 
Ceratophyllacese). 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 

Corolla,  and   sometimes   calyx,   lacking-. 

Flowers    (at    least    the    staminate    ones)    in    catkins    or 

catkin-like   spikes;    shrubs   or   trees. 
Calyx    (and   corolla)    lacking;    i.    e.,    the   flowers   are 

"naked." 

Dioecious;  a  single  flower  to  each  scale  of  the 
catkin;  fruit  a  1-celled  pod  with  many 

dowrny-tufted    seeds Salicacere        9 

Monoecious;  staminate  catkins  drooping,  pis- 
tillate ones  erect,  with  2-3  flowers  to 
each  scale  of  the  cone-like  inflorescence; 

seeds    not    downy Betulaccw      12 

Calyx   present. 

Monoecious;  staminate  flowers  in  catkins; 
pistillate  ones  1-3  in  a  cup  or  in- 
volucre   Fagacea?  13 

Monoecious  or  dioecious;  flowers  in  droop- 
ing catkin-like  spikes,  the  pistillate 
ones  becoming  juicy  multiple  fruits.... 

No.    2    in    Urtioaceie      13 

Flowers  neither  in   catkins   nor   in   catkin-like  spikes. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  a   samara;    flowers   inconspicuous. 

Leaves    simple;     stamens    3-8;     fruit    in 

pairs      .  Aceraceae      55 

Leaves   pinnately-compound. 

Leaflets   3-5;   stamens   4-5;    samaras 

in   pairs    Aceracece      55 

Leaflets    5-9;     stamens    2;    samaras 

single     Oleacese.  .  71 

Fruit    a    tailed    achene;    flowers    showy.  .  .  . 

Clematis    in    Ranuiiculacew      26 

Leaves   alternate. 

Leaves     toothed;     fruit     a,    samara     or 

drupe     Urticacere      13 

Leaves  entire,  revolute;  fruit  an  achene, 
tipped      by      the      long,      feathery 

style Cerocarpus    in    Rosacese     42 

Herbs;   sepals   when   present  often  petal-like. 

Pistils    several.  ..  .  Thalictrum    in   Rammculaceee      24 
Pistil    1. 

Ovary    2-celled Lepidium    in    Cruclfera?      30 

Ovary    1-celled. 

Leaves    alternate. 

Styles    1-3;    fruit    a    flat    achene.  .  . 

Clienopodiaceee      17 

Style        1;        fruit        berry-like        in 

shape     Santalaeea?      15 


KEY  TO   THE  FAMILIES  ix. 


Styles    2-3;    achene    3-sided 

Polygonacese      15 

Leaves   opposite. 

Stems    swollen    at    nodes;    at    least 
some  of  the  flowers  terminal. 
Flowers  several  in  a  cluster,  sur- 
rounded by  the  calyx-like 
involucre    .  Nyctaginacese      19 
Flowers        solitary        or        cy- 
mose;       not       surrounded 
by       a       calyx-like       in- 
volucre   .  Caryophyllacese      19 
Stems    not    swollen    at    the    nodes; 

flowers    all    axillary 

Glaux   in   Primulaeese      70 

Corolla   and    calyx   both    present. 

Corolla   of   separate   petals    (apopetalous). 
Stamens  more  than   10. 
Shrubs   or  trees. 

Leaves   alternate    or    fascicled Rosacese     41 

Leaves   opposite. 

Trees  or  tall   shrubs Aceracese      55 

Low    woody   vines 

Clematis    in    Rammculaceee      20 

Herbs. 

Pistil   1,  of  united  carpels. 

Filaments  united  into  a  tube.  Malvaceae      57 
Filaments  distinct. 

Leaves     entire,     smooth     and     suc- 
culent       Portnlacacese     22 

Leaves          entire          to          sinuate- 
toothed,  covered  with   barbed 

hairs     Loasaceae     61 

Leaves     spiny-toothed.  Papaveracea?     27 
Leaves       reduced       to       spines       or 
wanting;        very       fleshy 

plants      Cactacese      61 

Pistils  several,   of   distinct  carpels. 

Stamens    on    receptacle.  .  Rammculacea?     23 

Stamens   on   the   calyx Rosaoere      41 

Stamens   not   more   than   10. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Leaves   compound. 

Styles         3;         fruit        a         small 

drupe       Anaeardlacea?      54 

Style       1,       not       cleft;       fruit       a 

legume      Legmninosse      46 

Style        none;        fruit        a        ber- 
ry       Berber  I  daceee      27 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


Leaves    simple. 

Styles    2;    fruit    a    berry 

Ribes    in    Saxifragaccre      40 

Style  1,  3-cleft;  fruit  a  cap- 
sule   llliamnaceie  57 

Leaves   opposite. 

Evergreen      shrubs,      less      than      4      ft. 

high    Celastracese      55 

Deciduous   trees   or   tall   shrubs. 

Leaves    entire;    style    simple;    fruit 

a    drupe Cornacese      69 

Leaves  coarsely-lobed;  style  2- 
branched;  fruit  a  sa- 
mara   .  .  Aceraeeee  55 

Herbs. 

Ovary    1-celled. 

Corolla   regular    or   nearly    so. 
Sepals  4   or  5. 

Stamens    8 Onagracere      62 

Stamens  5  or  10. 

Stamens     alternate      with      the 

Petals     Saxifragacere      38 

Stamens       opposite       the       pet- 
als       Primulacere      69 

Sepals     2 Portulacacere      22 

Corolla   irregular. 

Stamens  5,  distinct,  the  anthers 
forming  a  ring  around  the 
pistil;  lowest  petal  bluntly 

spurred      Violaceee      59 

Stamens    6    in    2    equal    sets 

Fuiiiariacese      28 

Stamens   10;   monadelphous,   or   in    2 

sets   of  9   and   1 .  .  Legumiiiosee      46 
Ovary    more    than    1-celled. 
Ovary   "superior." 
Ovary   2-celled. 

Root    parasites    without    leaves 
or    green    color;    stamens 
4        (2       long-       and       2 
short)     .  .  .  .  Orobancliacere      88 
Green      plants      with      alternate 
leaves;       stamens       6       (4 
long     and     2     short),     ex- 
cept     in      Lepidium      and 
Streptanthus     .  Cruciferse      29 
Ovary      5-       (or      imperfectly      10-) 

celled. 
Leaves     stipulate;     stamens     10 

or     5 Geraiiiacere      52 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  xi. 


Leaves    not    stipulate;    stamens 

5       Liinacete      53 

Ovary    "inferior." 

Fruit  a  4-celled  capsule .  Onagracece     62 
Fruit    of    2    dry    seed-like    carpels, 
which    when    ripe   often    split 
longitudinally;       flowers       in 

umbels     Umbelliferae      65 

Corolla   with   petals,   or   some   of   them,    united    (at  base 

at  least). 

Stamens  exceeding-  in  number  the   corolla-lobes. 
Ovary    1-celled. 

Sepals     5;     leaves    usually     compound;     not 

fleshy i  .,-uu  ni  i  iH.-v.-,-     46 

Sepals  4-5;  leaves  simple,  fleshy  .Crassulacese     38 

Sepals  2;  leaves  compound Fumariacere      28 

Sepals  2;   leaves   simple Portulacaceae     22 

Ovary  3-many  celled.      (Petals  united  by  being 
attached     to     the    base     of     the     tube     of 

filaments)     Malvaceae      57 

Stamens  not  exceeding  in  number  the  corolla-lobes. 
Ovary   "superior." 

Corolla  regular  or   nearly  so. 

Stamens    of    the    same    number    as    the 

corolla-lobes. 
Ovaries    2,    united    only   at   apex    of 

fleshy    disk.  .  .  . Asclepediacere      71 
Ovary  1. 

Deeply  4-lobed. 

Leaves  alternate;  mostly 
rough-hairy  plants.  .  .  . 

Boraginacexe      77 

Leaves  opposite;  not  rough- 
hairy  Labiatee  82 

Not  deeply  4-lobed. 

1-celled;  stamens  5;  leaves 
coarsely  -  toothed  or 
compound;  pod  opening 

lengthwise     

Hydrophyllacese      76 

2-5-celled. 

Stamens   4;    leaves    entire 
or        finely  -  toothed; 
pod     opening     cross- 
wise   .  Plaiitagiuaceee      89 
Stamens   5. 
Ovules  many. 
Style    and    stigma     1; 

fruit  a  berry 

.     Solanace«e      84 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


Style  3 -cleft  in  mature 
flowers;     fruit    a 

capsule      

....     Polemoniacese      73 
Ovules      few;      stigmas 
2-3        (rarely        4); 
fruit  a   capsule. 
Ovary    1-2-celleci     .... 

.  .  .      Convolvulacesp      72 
Ovary    3-     (rarely    4-) 

celled    

....     Polemoiiiace*e      73 
Stamens   less   in   number   than   corolla- 
lobes. 
Stamens   2  Veronica   in   Serophulariacese    87 

Stamens     4 Verbenaeca?      81 

Corolla  irregular. 

Ovules   and   seeds   solitary    in    the    cells. 

Ovary   not   lobed Verbeiiacea*      81 

Ovary    4-lobed Labiatre      82 

Ovules  and  seeds  2  or  more  in  each  cell. 
Trees      with      large,      showy     flow- 
ers       Bi&noiiiaeen*      89 

Herbs     Scroplmlarlaoeee      84 

Ovary  "inferior." 

Flowers  not  in  an  involucrate  head;  anthers 

not    united. 
Stamens    4-5,   as   many   as   corolla-lobes. 

Leaves    whorled;    herbs.  .  .Rubluoete      90 
Leaves       opposite       or       perfoliate; 

shrubs     Caprifoliacew      91 

Leaves    alternate;     herbs 

<:>  tii  p:i  mil  ;i  <•<•;«         93 

Stamens   1-3,   always  less  than   corolla- 
lobes    Valerianaceae      92 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head;  anthers 
united  into  a  tube  enclosing  the  pis- 
til (nearly  distinct  in  Iva)  . Composite  94 


Spring  Flora  of  the  Wasatch  Region 

ORDER  CONIFERAL.ES. 

PINACE^.     (CONIFER-ffi.)     Pine  Family. 

Resinous  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees  with  awl-shaped, 
scale-like  or  needle-shaped  leaves.  Flowers  naked; 
monoecious  (or  in  Juniperus  mostly  dioecious)  ;  in 
catkins  or  solitary.  Cotyledons  2-16. 

Leaves  short  (much  less  than  y2  inch  long),  scale-like 
and  overlapping  or  awl-shaped;  fruit  berry- 
like  1.  Juniperus 

Leaves    longer    (at    least    ys    inch    long);    needle-shaped; 

fruit    a   cone. 
•      Needles  in  bundles  of  2-5,  each  bundle  surrounded  by 

a  sheath  at  the  base  (at  least  when  young).  .   2.  Plnua 
Needles  one  at  each  node. 

Surrounded  by  a  sheath  at  the  base;  cone-scales 

thick    2.   IMiius    (2a) 

Not   surrounded   by   a   sheath  at  the  base.;    cone- 
scales   thin. 

Needles     elliptical     or     nearly     so     in     cross- 
section. 

Sessile;  leaf -scars  round,  conspicuous..   3.  Able* 
Petioled;       leaf-scars      elliptical,       incon- 
spicuous        4.   Pseudotsuga 

Needles      strongly      4-angled      in      cross-sec- 
tion     5.   Picea 

1.     JUNIPERUS.      (Includes   Sabina.)      Juniper;    Cedar. 

Strongly  aromatic  shrubs  or  low  trees  with  thin  shreddy 
bark.  Leaf-buds  scaly  or  naked.  Leaves  awl-shaped  and 
rigid,  or  scale-like  and  overlapping;  sometimes  both  kinds  on 
same  tree.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious;  axillary  or  terminal 
on  short  lateral  'twigs,  the  staminate  oblong  or  ovoid  with 
2-6-celled  anthers;  the  pistillate  of  a  few  opposite  fleshy 
scales,  each  scale  bearing  a  solitary  ovule.  Fruit  berry-like 
by  the  coherence  of  scales;  often  bluish  or  blackish;  ripening 
at  the  end  of  the  first,  the  second  or  rarely  the  third  season. 
Seeds  1-6,  wingless:  cotyledons  2  (or  4-6  in  some  species). 

Bark  peeling  off  in  papery  layers;  wood  white..  1.  J.  utahensis 
Bark    never    peeling    off    in    papery    layers;    wood    pur- 
plish         2.    J.    scopulorum 

1.  J.  iiiahensis  (Engelm.)  Lemmon.  (J.  calif ornica  utahen- 
sis  Engelm.;  Sabina  utahensis  (Engelm.)  Rydb.)  Utah  Red 
Cedar.  A  bushy  shrub  or  small  tree  (20  ft.  high  or  less),  with 
thin  light-brown  scaly  bark.  Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  in 
whorls  of  3.  Catkins  terminal.  Stamens  18-24.  "Berries" 
large,  mostly  globose,  usually  with  a  single  seed;  reddish- 
brown  or  sometimes  bluish;  ripening  the  second  season;  with 
dry,  thin,  sv/eet  flesh.  Cotyledons  4-6.  On  dry  mountain  slopes. 


SPRING  FLORA 


2.  J.  Mcoimloriim  Sarg.  (Sabina  scopulorum  (Sarg.)  Rydb.) 
Larger  than  the  preceding,  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of 
30-60  feet.  Leaves  opposite;  entire;  short.  Catkins  terminal. 
Fruit  smaller  than  that  of  No.  1;  subglobose;  juicy  and  resi- 
nous; maturing  the  second  season;  blue  with  a  whitish  bloom 
or  rarely  copper-colored  (light-green  when  immature);  seeds 
2-4.  Dry  rocky  slopes,  May. 


2.      PINUS.     Pine. 

Trees  with  2  kinds  of  leaves:  the  primary  are  deciduous 
bud-scales,  in  the  axils  of  which  are  borne  the  secondary  or 
ordinary  foliage  leaves.  The  latter  are  evergreen,  needle- 
shaped  and  sheathed  at  base,  in  bundles  of  2-5  (or  single  in 
1  variety).  Leaf -buds  scaly.  Cones  large,  with  thick  scales; 
maturing  the  second  or  rarely  the  third  year.  Seeds  nut-like. 
Cotyledons  3-16. 

Leaves    in    fascicles    of    5;    each    with    a    single    vascular 

bundle    1.  P.  flexilis 

Leaves  in  fascicles  of  2-3  (rarely  1);  each  with  2  vascular 
bundles. 

Leaf -margins  entire;  cone-scales  without  prickles  2.  P.  edulia 

Leaf -margins         serrulate;         cone-scales        prickly- 
armed   3.  P.  Murrayana 

1.  P.   flcxilis   James.      Limber,   "White   or   Nut   Pine.      A  tree, 
often   gnarled,    60   ft.   high   or  less,  with    few   large,   straggling 
branches   at  irregular   intervals.      Bark   and   wood   very   full    of 
resinous    sap;    smooth    until    quite    old.      Leaves    l%-2    in.    long 
(or  as  much  as  an  inch  longer  on  the  cone  bearing  branches); 
the   sheaths   soon   dropping   off.      Cones    resinous;    3-5    in.   long, 
light-brown,    narrowly    ovoid    or    subcylindrical;     their    scales 
blunt-tipped;   opening  widely  at  maturity  and  discharging   the 
seeds.      Seeds   about    %    inch    long,   somewhat  angled   and   flat- 
tened,   each    with    a    narrow    wing-rim.      Cotyledons    6-7.      On 
exposed  mountain  cliffs. 

2.  P.    ediilig    Engelm.      Pinyon    Pine.      A   low,    round-topped 
tree  or  sometimes  shrubby,   ovate  in   general  outline;  branches 
beginning  at    or    near    the   base.      Leaves    in    twos,   or    some    in 
threes,   1-1%   inches   long.     Cones   sessile,   subglobose,    2   inches 
long.      Seeds   large,   brown,   wingless. 

2a.  P.  edulis  moiiophylla  (Torr.  &  Frem.)  Jones.  (P.  mono- 
phylla  Torr.  &  Frem.)  Differs  from  the  type  in  that  the 
leaves,  or  some  of  them,  are  single.  These  single  leaves  are 
terete;  while  those  of  the  fascicles  are  semi-terete. 

3.  P.     Murrayana     Balf.        (P.     contorta     Murrayana     Eng.) 
Lodgepole  or  Black  Pine.     A  tree  sometimes  reaching  a  height 
of   120   ft.   and  a   diameter   of   4-6   feet;   tall   and   straight,   with 
branches   in    little   short   whorls   near  the  top.     Bark   of  trunk 
thin,    scaly,    light-brown;    rough    from    the    start.      Leaves    1-3 
inches    long,    with    resin-ducts    as    in    Abies    lasiocarpa.      Cones 
somewhat   ovate;    1-2    inches   long;    often    remaining   closed   for 
many    years;    their    scales    armed    with     short,    stout    prickles. 
Seeds   black,    rough,   ridged   on    lower   side;    each    with   a    long, 
thin,    persistent    wing,    widest    below    the    middle.      Cotyledons 
usually  5.     On  mountain  slopes,   5,000-10,000  ft. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION 


3.      ABIES.     Fir;   Balsam. 

Tall  conical  trees  with  horizontal  branches.  Wood  coarse- 
grained, but  sometimes  used  for  lumber.  Leaves  flattened; 
alternate  and  apparently  2-ranked  by  a  twist  near  the  base; 
sessile  and  without  sterigmata;  stomata  arranged  in  2  longi- 
tudinal white  lines  on  under  side  (at  least  when  young). 
Leaf-scars  circular,  their  axes  at  right  angles  to  direction  of 
the  stem.  Cones  erect,  maturing  the  first  year;  their  scales 
thin,  breaking  away  from  the  persistent  axis,  and  therefore 
only  these  scales  instead  of  cones  are  found  under  the  tree. 
Seeds  winged;  cotyledons  4-10. 

Leaves  of  cone-bearing  branches  blunt-tipped...   1.  A.  concolor 
Leaves  of  cone-bearing  branches  sharp-tipped.  .   2.  A.  laslocarpa 

1.  A.  concolor  Lindl.     White  Fir.     Tree  40-150  ft.  high   and 
2-4  ft.  in  diameter.     Bark  rough,  grayish.     Leaves  more  or  less 
curved;    their   resin-ducts    2,    close   to    the   lower   epidermis;    8- 
ranked;    their   bases    conspicuously    disk-shaped;    with    stomata 
on  both   surfaces.     Cones   oblong-cylindrical,   2^-5   inches   long 
by  1-lYz   inches  wide;  green  or  .sometimes   dull-purplish;  width 
of    scales    nearly    twice    their    length.      Tips    of    bracts    visible 
above   the   scales.      Seed-wings   broad;    rose-colored;    cotyledons 
5-10.      Along    streams   and   on    mountain    slopes,    7,500-10,000    ft. 
In  flower  early  in  May. 

2.  A.    laslocarpa     (Hook.)     Nutt.       (A.     subalpina    Engelm.) 
Western  Balsam  Fir.     A  tree  60-80  ft.  high,  with  bark  of  trunk 
ashy-gray  and  smooth   (or  that  of  old  trees  cracked).     Leaves 
of    the    vigorous    lower    branches    1-1%    inches    long,    blunt    or 
notched   at   the   end;   those  of  the   cone-bearing  branches   stiff, 
more  scattered,   curved  upwards  and  tipped  with  sharp  points; 
resin-ducts    2,   equally   distant   from   the   upper   and   the    lower 
epidermis,   as   seen   in   cross-section    under  a  hand-lens.     Cones 
purple  or  nearlv  black,  white-resinous;   puberulent;   2-3   inches 
long;  bracts  quite  small  and  entirely  concealed,  their  hook-like 
tips  reflexed.     Seed-wings  dark   and  lustrous.     Cotyledons   4-5. 
From  8,500  ft.  to  timber-line,  often  growing  side  by  side  with 
the  spruces. 

4.     PSEUDOTSUGA.     Douglas  Spruce;  Red  Fir. 

Tall  trees — at  first  conical,  but  becoming  more  or  less 
spreading;  in  characteristics  intermediate  between  Abies  and 
Picea.  Leaves  from  scaly  buds;  smaller  and  more  crowded  than 
those  of  Abies;  alternate  and  apparently  2-ranked  by  a  twist 
near  base;  not  borne  on  sterigmata;  flat;  blunt  at  apex;  sto- 
mata on  lower  surface  only;  resin-ducts  2,  lateral,  close  to 
lower  epidermis.  Cones  pendulous;  maturing  the  first  year; 
greenish  or  purplish-tinged  when  young,  light  brown  when 
mature;  the  scales  thin,  persistent,  each  furnished  with  a 
conspicuous,  exserted,  3-pointed  bract.  Seeds  winged;  co- 
tyledons 6-12. 

1.  P.  mucronata  (Raf.)  Sudw.  (P.  Douglasii  Carr. ;  P.  taxi- 
folia  Britton.)  Wood  (under  compound  microscope)  charac- 
terized by  an  abundance  of  spiral  vessels.  Bark  brown,  .very 
thick  and  very  much  cracked.  Leaf-scars  small,  elliptical, 
their  axes  making  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees  with  direction 
of  the  stem.  Midrib  prominent  on  lower  surface.  Leaves 
crowded;  not  notched  at  apex.  Cones  2-4  inches  long;  middle 
tooth  of  bract  long  and  narrow,  lateral  teeth  broad  and  short. 
A  tree  known  by  at  least  thirty  common  names,  "Oregon  Pine" 
or  "Douglas  Fir"  being  those  by  which  it  is  known  in  com- 
mence. Frora  7,000-11,000  ft.  (in  the  Wasatch). 


SPRING  FLORA 


5.     PICEA.     Spruce. 

Tall  conical  trees  with  alternate  leaves  (deciduous  in  dry- 
ing), which  are  sharp-pointed  and  strongly  4-angled  in  cross- 
section;  from  scaly  buds.  Branchlets  rough  from  the  prominent 
and  persistent  leaf-bases  (sterigmata).  Staminate  flowers  on 
branchlets  of  preceding  year;  their  anthers  opening  length- 
wise. Cones  mature  the  first  year,  becoming  pendulous;  their 
scales  thin,  persistent.  Seeds  winged. 

Branchlets   glabrous 1.   P.   pungcns 

Branchlets  pubescent  under  a   lens 2.  P.  Engelmannl 

1.  P.    pungons    (Lambert)    Engelm.      (P.    Parryana    (Andree) 
Sarg.)     Blue  or  Colorado  Spruce.     Tree  60-100  ft.  high  with  soft 
wood   and   with    bark    of   trunk    furrowed   and    grooved    length- 
wise.    Branches   spreading,   with   thick,   smooth    and   gray   bark; 
branchlets    smooth    and    shining    as    if    varnished.      Needles    of 
branches   green   and   of   young   shoots   bluish.      Cones   abundant, 
light-yellow,   2-4   inches   long,   solitary   or   clustered.      Mountain 
slopes     near    streams,     6,500-10,000    ft.       The     "State     tree"     of 
Colorado. 

2.  P.    Engrelmannl    (Parry)    Engelm.      Engelmann    or    White 
Spruce.      Tree   60-100   ft.   high,   with   bark   of  trunk   broken   into 
rounded,    plate-like     scales.       Branches     horizontal,     with     thin 
reddish   or  purplish-brown  bark.     Needles  less  sharp   and   rigid 
than   those  of  P.  pungens.     Cones  solitary,  brown,   ovate-cylln- 
dric,    2    inches    long    or    usually    less;    the    scales    usually    more 
rounded  than  those  of  No.   1.     Cotyledons  usually  6.     Mountain 
parks    and    mountain    sides,    more    frequent    on    north    slopes, 
8,500-12,500  ft. 

ORDER  LIL.IAL.ES. 

LILIACE-ffl.    Lily  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  from  underground  stems;  either 
leafy-stemmed  or  scape-like  with  basal  leaves.  Leaves 
rarely  netted-veined.  Flowers  regular  and  perfect  (or 
polygamous  in  some  species  of  Zygadenus).  Floral 
envelopes  6,  the  outer  set  of  3  often  colored  like  the 
inner  set.  Stamens  6.  Pistil  1,  with  a  3-celled, 
"superior"  ovary.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  capsule. 

Stems   from   rhizomes;   fruit  a   berry. 

Unbranched;      inflorescence     terminal,     racemose     or 

paniculate    1.    Smilacena 

Branched;      inflorescence      axillary,      in      umbels      or 

solitary 2.   Disporum 

Stems  from   solid  bulbs;   fruit  a  capsule. 

Flowers  nodding;  solitary  or  racemose 3.  Erythronlum 

Flowers  erect;   solitary  or   in   umbels. 

Outer  perianth-segments   sepal-like;   inner   petal- 
like .• 4.   Calochortus 

All    the    perianth-segments    of    same    size,    shape 

and   color    5.    Brodiaca 

Stems   from    scaly   bulbs    (the   scales   tuber-like);    fruit  a 

capsule    6.  Frltlllarla 

Stems  from  coated  bulbs;  fruit  a  capsule, 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION 


With      odor      of      onions;      inflorescence      umbellate, 

spathaceous    7.   Allium 

Without    odor    of    onions;    inflorescence    racemed    or 

panicled,    not    spathaceous. 
Leafy-stemmed;    raceme    compound;    fruit    septi- 

cidal    8.   Zygadenus 

Leaves    all    basal;    raceme    simple;    fruit    loculi- 

cidal    9.    Camanala 

1.     SMIL.ACE1VA. .    (Vagnera.)      False  Solomon's  Seal. 

Leaves     firm;     alternate;     elliptical,     lanceolate     or     ovate; 
short-petioled     or     sessile;     entire.       Flowers     small;     white     or 
greenish-white.     Floral   envelopes   of   6   distinct   segments. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  a  racemose  panicle..  .  .   1.  S.  aniplexicaulls 
Flowers  few,  in  a  simple,'  open  raceme 2.  S.  sessilifolla 

1.  S.  amplexlcuulis  Nutt.     Wild  Spikenard.     Stem  1-3  ft.  high, 
perennial,  from  a  thick  rhizome  with   short  internodes.     Leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  to   ovate;   sessile  and   clasping;    acute.      Sta- 
mens exserted.     Berry  reddish.     Rich  soil  in  light  shade  along 
streams.     May-July. 

2.  S.    sessillfolin    Nutt.      (Vagnera    liliacea    (Greene)    Rydb.) 
Star-flowered    Solomon's    Seal.       Stem    1-2    ft.    high,    perennial 
from  a  slender  rhizome.     Leaves  elliptical  to  lanceolate;  sessile 
and  somewhat  clasping;  acuminate  or  sometimes  acute.     Flow- 
ers on   long  pedicels.     Stamens  included.     Berry  reddish-purple 
to  nearly  black.     April-May.     Rich  soil  in  shade  along  streams. 
(Locally   called   "Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley.") 

2.     DISPORUM.      (Prosartes.)      Fairy   Bells. 

Stems  branching  above  from  rather  slender  rhizomes.  Leaves 
alternate,  sessile  and  somewhat  clasping;  the  veinlets  netted. 
Floral  envelopes  6,  distinct,  somewhat  deciduous;  all  colored 
alike.  The  pedicel  is  slightly  enlarged  at  the  apex,  forming 
a  cup  or  hypanthium,  and  on  this  cup  are  borne  the  stamens 
and  the  floral  envelopes,  thereby  making  the  stamens  appear 
to  be  perigynous.  Stigma  3-lobed  or  entire. 

1.  D.  trachycarpum  (S.  Wats.)  B.  &  H.  (Prosartes  trachy- 
carpa  S  .Wats.;  D.  majus  (Hook.)  Britton.)  Stem  9-24  inches 
high.  Leaves  thin;  ovate  to  elliptic-lanceolate;  acute  or  rarely 
acuminate;  light-green  and  shining;  5-11-nerved.  Flowers 
nodding;  whitish;  narrow  bell-shaped;  solitary  or  in  clusters 
of  2-3;  ys-%  inch  long.  Floral  envelopes  slightly  spreading. 
Berry  obovate;  bright  red  (orange  if  unripe);  obtuse,  rather 
deeply  lobed;  papillose;  leathery.  In  flower  the  last  of  April, 
berry  ripe  by  first  week  in  June.  Along  streams,  in  rich  soil 
in  shaded  places. 

3.     ERYTHRONIUM.     Easter  Bells. 

Scape  from  a  deep-seated  solid  bulb.  Leaves  netted-veined: 
2,  basal  and  opposite  on  flowering  plants,  but  only  1  on  sterile 
plants,  and  that  cauline,  long-petioled.  Flowers  nodding, 
showy,  solitary  or  in  a  naked  raceme  or  umbel.  Floral  en- 
velopes all  colored  alike,  spreading,  acute.  Fruit  a  3-angled 
loculicidal  capsule. 

1.  K.  grandlflorum  parvlflorum  S.  Wats.  (E.  parviflorum 
(Wats.)  Goodding.)  Yellow  Dog-tooth  Violet.  Leaves  uni- 
formly pale-green.  Flowers  bright  yellow.  1-6,  about  1  inch 
long.  Anthers  innate;  purplish-red.  In  rich  moist  soil  in  oak 
copses  and'  along  mountain  streams.  March -July,  according 
to  altitude,  6,000-11,500  ft. 


SPRING  FLORA 


4.      CAJ.OCHORTUS.     Mariposa   Lily;   Star   Tulip. 

Bulbs  thin-coated.  Leaves  few;  keeled;  grass-like;  both 
basal  and  cauline.  Inflorescence  solitary  or  umbellate. 
Flowers  showy.  Floral  envelopes  with  3  outer  segments 
narrowly-lanceolate;  the  inner  large  and  petaloid,  each  with 
a  hairy  cushion-like  gland  at  base,  Capsule  septicidal. 

1.  C.  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  Sego  Lily.  Stem  bulblet-bearing 
above  the  true  bulb.  Flowers  1-5  in  a  naked  umbel.  Outer 
surface  of  calyx-lobes  at  first  green  but  often  becoming  red- 
dish-tinged, inner  surface  whitish  or  yellowish,  usually  purple- 
spotted  near  base.  Petals  broadly  obovate-wedge-shaped, 
usually  abruptly  acute  at  apex;  white  or  cream-color,  with 
a  patch  of  purple  shaped  like  a  candle-flame  just  above  the 
yellow  nectar-gland.  Anthers  erect,  obtuse;  longer  than  fila- 
ments. On  dry  plains  and  hillsides,  4,400-7,000  ft.  May-June. 
The  State  flower  of  Utah. 


5.     BRODIAEA.      (Hookera;   Tritelia).     Wild  Hyacinth. 

Scapes  erect  from  brown-coated  solid  bulbs.  Leaves  few, 
basal,  grass-like;  withering  before  the  flowers  do.  Inflores- 
cence usually  a  terminal  and  involucrate  umbel.  Pedicels 
jointed.  Flowers  few,  showy;  withering-persistent;  segments 
colored  alike.  Stamens  6;  all  anther-bearing,  or  3  anther- 
bearing  and  3  with  sterile  filaments.  Fruit  a  loculicidal 
capsule. 

1.  B.  Douglasli  Wats.  (Tritelia  grandiflora  Llndl.)  Leaves 
keeled,  often  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Scape  sometimes  2  ft. 
long.  Perianth  blue  or  purplish;  broadly  tubular.  Stamens 
6,  in  2  rows,  all  anther-bearing;  the  filaments  of  inner  sta- 
mens narrow.  In  rich  moist  soil  in  the  canyons,  often  in  oak 
copses.  June.  Sometimes  called  Blue  Gammas. 

6.      FRITILLARIA.      Lily   Bells.      Rice    Roots. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  leafy,  from  a  scaly  bulb.  Inflorescence 
solitary  or  umbellate.  Flowers  few;  showy.  Floral  envelopes 
colored  alike,  each  with  a  shallow  nectary.  Stamens  borne 
upon  base  of  segments;  anthers  versatile.  Fruit  a  6-angled 
or  6-winged  loculicidal  capsule. 

Flowers  yellow  or  orange 1.  P.  pudtca 

Flowers       dull-purplish,       mottled      with       darker      pur- 
ple       2.  F.  atropurpurea 

1.  F.     pudica     Spreng.       Yellow    Bells;     Snowdrop;     Orange 
Fritillaria.      (Locally  called   "Crocus"   and   "Buttercup.")      Bulb 
of    numerous    tuberous-thickened    spheroidal    scales.      Stem    3-8 
inches     high.       Leaves     3-8,     alternate     or     somewhat     whorled. 
Flowers  usually  1  or  2,  sometimes  as  many  as  6;  nodding;  with 
obtuse    segments.      Grassy    plains.      March -May. 

2.  F.  atropurpurea  Nutt.     Leopard  Lily;  Dark  Purple  Fritil- 
laria.     Bulb    of    numerous   terete    scales,    larger    than    those    of 
No.  1.     Stem  6-18  inches  high.     Leaves  sessile,   SY2   inches  long, 
whorled    or   alternate    (%).      Flowers    1-6,    somewhat    nodding. 
Perianth-segments    acute    or   acuminate;    becoming   revolute   at 
apex    until    edges    meet    somewhat    below    extreme    tip.      May- 
June.     Grassy  slopes  along  streams  in  rich  moist  soil. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION 


7.      ALLIUM.      Wild   Onion. 

Easily  recognized  by  the  characteristic  taste  and  odor. 
Stem  scapose  from  a  coated  bulb  (or  in  some  species,  from  a 
solid  bulb  or  rhizome).  Leaves  basal;  narrow;  flat  or  chan- 
neled, or  In  some  species  terete.  Inflorescence  umbellate; 
subtended  by  scarious  bracts.  Pedicels  not  jointed.  Perianth- 
segments  1-nerved;  all  colored  alike  or  nearly  alike;  white, 
pink  or  red.  Stamens  borne  on  base  of  perianth -segments. 
Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Seeds  black,  wrinkled. 

Leaves  2-4. 

Ovary  not  long-crested. 

Leaves  nearly  as  long  as  peduncle...    1.  A.  acuminntum 
Leaves      at      least     a      third      longer     than      pe- 
duncle        2.  A.  Diehlii 

Ovary  conspicuously   6-crested 3.   A.   bisceptruin 

Leaf  1;  ovary  very  long-crested 4.  A.  nevadense 

1.  A.  acumlnatum  Hook.     Mostly  from  solitary   coated  bulbs 
(not  rhizome-producing),  the  outer  coats  of  which  are  coarsely 
and  distinctly  quadrately  to  hexagonally  reticulated.     Involucre 
of    2    papery    bracts.      Leaves    narrowly    linear.      Flowers    light 
pink   to  dark  rose-purple.      Perianth-segments  with   acuminate, 
recurved    tips,    the    inner   ones    wavy-serrulate;    a    third    longer 
than   stamens.     Ovary   obscurely  crested  if  at   all.     Usually   in 
dry  soil  in  open  fields.     May-June. 

2.  A.  Diehlii  Jones.     (A.  tribracteatum  Diehlii  Jones.)    From 
solitary,     mostly     red-coated,      nearly      spherical      bulbs      (not 
rhizome-producing),    the    outer    coats    of  '  which    have    oblong 
reticulations,    pointed   at  the   end.      Leaves    2;    4-6    inches   long. 
Bracts   2;  short-acuminate.     Sepals  acute;   erect.     Petals  white, 
each   with   a  brown   midrib.     Ovary   obscurely   crested.     Among 
rocks   on   mountain-sides.     May. 

3.  A.    bisceptmm    Wats.       From    solitary    light-coated    and 
faintly-reticulated    bulbs.      Scapes    often    in    pairs.      Perianth - 
segments    acuminate,    not    serrulate,    slightly    longer    than    the 
stamens;    the   alternate   stamens    with    a   dilated    base.      In   the 
mountains. 

4.  A.    nevadense    Wats.      From    brown-coated,    ovate    bulbs, 
without  rhizomes,  but  producing  whitish  bulblets;   outer  bulb- 
coats   with    irregular   reticulations.      Leaf   round,   channeled   on 
upper  side;  much  longer  than  scape  and  hooked  at  end.    Bracts 
usually     2;     ovate,     acute,     reddish-green.       Sepals     lanceolate, 
spreading.     Petals  white  or  pinkish.     May. 

8.     ZYGADENUS.     Star  Lily. 

Stem  simple,  scape-like.  Leaves  folded  lengthwise;  from 
narrow  to  broadly  linear;  obscurely  nerved,  mostly  basal.  In- 
florescence in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Flowers  erect, 
rather  large;  perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth-segments  all 
colored  alike,  white  or  greenish-white;  withering-persistent; 
each  with  a  green  or  greenish -yellow  glandular  spot  at  base. 
Anthers  1-celled.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule. 

1.  Z.  paniculatus  Wats.  Plant  rather  stout.  Leaves  .usually 
broad  and  sheathing.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  their  segments 
acute,  rhorrbic-ovate,  short-clawed.  Gland  large.  Filaments 
adnate  to  base  of  claws.  April-June.  On  dry,  gravelly  hills. 
Locally  called  "Poison  Sego"  and  "Coxcomb." 


SPRING  FLORA 


9.      CAMASSIA.      (Quamassia.)      Camas. 

Leaves  basal,  linear,  flat.  Flowers  pale-blue  or  white, 
slightly  gibbous;  each  with  6  3-7-nerved,  spreading  segments. 
Pedicels  jointed.  Bracts  scarious.  Anthers  introrse.  Style 
long  and  slender,  its  base  persistent.  Ovary  3-angled;  be- 
coming a  loculicidal  capsule,  each  cell  of  which  contains 
several  black,  shining  seeds. 

1.  C.  quaimish  Greene.  (Quamassia  quamash  (Pursh)  Co- 
ville.)  Perianth  irregular,  with  3-  or  5-nerved  segments; 
flower-buds  gibbous  on  one  side.  Wet  meadows.  May. 


IRIDACE-ffi.    Iris  Family. 

Herbs  with  equitant  2-ranked  leaves.  Flowers  from 
a  spathe  of  2  or  more  bracts ;  usually  showy.  Stamens 
3,  with  extrorse  anthers.  Style  3- cleft  at  apex.  Ovary 
"inferior,"  3-celled,  becoming  a  3-lobed  capsule. 

Outer   perianth-segments   recurved;   inner  erect 1.   Iris 

All  the  perianth -segments  alike 2.   Sisyrinchlum 

1.     IRIS.     Flag;   Flower-de-luce. 

Leaves  from  thickened  horizontal  rootstalks.  Flowers 
showy;  solitary  or  in  a  forked  corymb.  Stamens  distinct; 
underneath  the  arched,  petaloid  style-branches. 

1.  I.  missouriensis  Nutt.  Stems  V2-2  ft.  high.  Leaves  shorter 
than  the  stem.  Flowers  usually  2;  pale  blue,  with  segments 
2-3  inches  long.  In  swamps. 


2.     SISYRINCHIUM. 

Stems  simple  or  branched,  flattened  and  2-edged;  from 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  grass-like.  Inflorescence  umbellate, 
from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Stamens  monadelphous. 

1.  S.  angustifolium  Mill.  Erect  or  ascending,  smooth,  3-14 
•in.  high,  the  stem  distinctly  winged.  Spathes  green;  floral 
envelopes  violet  or  rarely  white.  Capsules  dull-brown  or  pur- 
plish-tinged. Wet  meadows.  May-July. 


ORDER    ORCHIDALES. 

ORCHIDACE^.     Orchid  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  alternate  leaves. 
Flowers  usually  bracted;  often  showy.  Sepals  3,  petal- 
like.  Petals  3.  very  irregular;  the  lowest  one  called 
the  "lip."  Fertile  stamens  1  or  2 ;  stamens  and  style 
united  into  a  central  column.  Pollen  usually  in  waxy 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  9 

masses  called  'pollinia  (granular  in  Cypripedium). 
Ovary  "inferior,"  1-celled,  with  .3  parietal  placentae. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

With  large  green  leaves;  perfect  anthers  2;  flowers 

showy  1.  Cypripedium 

Without  green  leaves;  anther  1;  flowers  not 

showy  2.  Corallorhiza 

1.     CYPRIPEDIUM.     Lady's  Slipper;   Mocassin   Flower. 

Stems  pubescent,  from  coarsely-fibrous  roots.  Leaves  con- 
spicuously nerved;  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  large. 
Sepals  spreading;  the  two  lower  usually  united.  Petals 
usually  spreading,  the  lip  an  inflated  sac.  Fertile  stamens  2, 
with  the  rudiments  of  a  third.  Column  declined.  Stigma 
terminal. 

1.  C.  parviflorum  Salisb.  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper.  Stem  8-18 
in.  high,  leafy  at  the  top.  Flowers  1-3,  both  the  sepals  and 
the  lateral  petals  greenish-yellow;  lip  yellow.  In  timber  along 
streams.  May-July.  Rare. 

2.     CORALLORHIZA.     Coral-root. 

Root-parasites;  stems  from  fleshy,  branched,  coral-like 
rootstalks.  Flowers  racemose,  in  a  solitary  scape  with  2-4 
membranous  sheaths;  brownish,  yellowish  or  purplish;  pedicels 
reflexed  in  fruit.  Sepals  and  petals  ascending,  the  lateral 
sepals  oblique  at  the  base. 

1.  C.  multiflora  Nutt.  Scape  many-flowered,  1-2  ft.  high. 
Sepals  and  petals  3 -nerved;  spur  of  sepals  adnate  to  ovary; 
lip  nearly  sessile,  3-lobed  by  a  deep  cleft  on  each  side.  Cap- 
sule */2~  A.  in.  long,  narrowed  to  a  short,  rather  stout  pedicel. 
Rich,  moist  soil  in  mountains,  May-August. 

ORDER    SALICALES. 

SALICACE^:.    Willow  Family. 

Dioecious  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple 
leaves.  Stipules  present,  but  soon  falling  off.  Flowers 
in  catkins,  1  to  each  bract  of  the  catkin.  Ovary  1-celled 
with  or  without  a  style  and  with  2  more  or  less  lobed 
stigmas.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  2-valved  capsule  containing 
many  downy-tufted  seeds. 

Bract    entire.      Flowers    with    small    glands;    disks    none. 

Buds  with  a  single  scale 1.  Salix 

Bracts  irregularly  incised  at  apex  as  if  torn.  Flowers 
with  a  broad  or  cup-shaped  disk  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  calyx.  Buds  resinous,  with  several 
stales  2.  Populus 


10  SPRING  FLORA 


1.    SAL.IX.  •    Willow. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  usually  near  water.  Leaves  pinnately- 
veined.  Catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Bracts 
of  catkins  often  hairy.  Stamens  1-10:  their  filaments  distinct 
or  rarely  united.  Pistillate  catkins  erect  or  spreading. 
Stigmas  2,  entire  or  2-cleft. 

Stamens   3-7;   leaves   lanceolate,   serrate  or  serrulate. 

Petioles  not   glandular  .................    1.    S.  amygdaloldes 

Petioles  glandular  .......................    2.   S.  Fendlerlana 

Stamens  2. 

Leaves   obtuse  ...............  .  ..........    3.    S.   Schoulcrlana 

Leaves  acute. 

Leaves  linear  .............................    4,   S.  exigua 

Leaves  cordate  or  subcordate.  ...   5.  S.  cordata  Watsonl 

1.  S.  amyg'daloidcK  Anders.      Peach-leaved   or   Black   Willow. 
A   small    tree.      Leaves    lanceolate    with    short    acuminate    apex 
and    serrulate    margins;    2-4    inches    long;    under    surface    paler 
than    the    upper;    petioles    slender,    without    glands.      Staminate 
catkins    elongated,    the    flowers    with     caducous,     light-yellow 
bracts.      Stamens    3-5;    their    filaments    hairy,    at    least    below. 
Capsule  smooth,  stipitate. 

2.  S.  Fendleriaiia   Anders.      (S.   lasiandra   Fendleriana  Bebb; 
S.   pentandra  caudata  Nutt.  ;   S.   lasiandra  caudata    (Nutt.)    Sud- 
worth.)      A  slender  tree  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of   20   ft. 
Water    sprouts    bright    yellow.      Leaves    green    on    both    sides; 
narrowly  lanceolate;  long-acuminate;  closely  glandular-serrate. 
Petioles  short;  glandular.     Staminate  catkins  densely  flowered; 
1-2   inches  long.     Stamens  3-7.   mostly  5.     Style   short;   stigmas 
2,  each  2-lobed. 

3.  S.  Schouleriana  Barratt.      (S.  Nuttallii  Sarg.  ;  S.  flavescens 
Nutt.)     Usually  shrubby  but  sometimes  a  slender  tree.     Leaves 
2-3  inches  long.obovate  or  oblanceolate;  usually  obtuse;  wedge- 
shaped   at   base:    upper    surface    at   first    downy,    but   becoming 
glabrate  and  dull-green.     Catkins  appearing  before  the  leaves; 
scales    black,   very    silky.      Stamens    2.    their    filaments    smooth. 
Pistillate    catkins    on    peduncles,    in    fruit    usually    at    least    2 
inches    long;    stigmas    long,    sessile;    entire    or    deeply    parted. 
Capsules    hairy,    stipitate.       Along    mountain    streams.       April- 
June,   according   to   altitude.      The    freshly-cut   wood   sometimes 
has   a   disagreeable    skunk-like    odor. 


4.  S.    exisriia    Nutt.       (S.    nevadensis    Wats.;    S.    luteosericea 
Rydb.;   S.   longifolia   exigua  Nutt.)      Tall,   bushy   shrub.     Leaves 
entire,     broadly    linear,     obscurely-veined.       Catkins    appearing 
just  before,  with  or  just  after  the  leaves;  bracts  yellow,  cadu- 
cous.      Stamens     2;     their    filaments    hairy.       Capsule    smooth, 
sessile.     April-May,  4,000-7,000  ft. 

5.  S.  cordata  Watsonl  Bebb.      (S.   Watsoni    (Bebb)    Rydb.;   S. 
flava     Rydb.;     S.     lutea     Nutt.)       Bushy     shrubs     with     smooth 
branches,    light-yellow    (at   least   when    young).      Leaves    light- 
green;    elliptical,    short-acuminate;    entire    or    obscurely    serru- 
late,   1-3   inches   long;    obtuse   or    subcordate   at   base.      Stipules 
oblique,    usually    large    and    persistent.      Catkins    leafy-bracted. 
peduncled;  appearing  before  the  leaves.     Stamens   2,  their  fila- 
ments smooth.     Capsule  glabrous;   long-stipitate.     April-May. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  11 


2.     POPUL.US.     Poplar;  Cotton  wood;  Aspen. 

Trees,  often  of  excurrent  habit,  and  with  brittle  branches. 
Buds  scaly,  covered  with  a  resinous  varnish.  Leaves  leathery. 
Flowers  in  catkins  appearing  before  the  leaves;  long  and 
drooping.  Stamens  many. 

Petioles   flattened    laterally. 

Styles  2;  terminal  buds  small,  but  slightly  resinous- 
viscid. 

Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both   sides..    1.  P.  tremuluides 
Mature    leaves    becoming    smooth    above;    white- 

tomentose  below 2.  P.  alba 

Styles    2-4;    terminal    buds    large   and   very    resinous- 
viscid. 
Leaves  truncate  at  base. 

Branches  spreading 3.  P.  deltoides 

Branches  erect 4.  P.  nlgrra 

Petioles  terete   or  channeled;  not  laterally  flattened. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate 5.  P.  eandlcans 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-ovate. 

Leaves  acute,  short-petioled 6.  P.  angustifolla 

Leaves  acuminate,  long-petioled 7.  P.  acuminata 

1.  P.    tremuloides    Michx.      Quaking    Asp;    American    Aspen. 
A    slender    tree    with    smooth,    light-green    branches.       Leaves 
broadly  ovate   or   roundish,   short-acuminate;    margin   crenulate 
and     ciliate;     moving     with     the     slightest     breeze.       Mountain 
slopes,  usually  at  altitudes  of  7,000-9,000  ft.  in  the  Great  Basin. 
March -May. 

2.  P.  alba  L.     White  or  Silver-leaved  Poplar.     A  large  tree 
in    moist    climates,    but    seldom    exceeding    75    ft.    in    the    Great 
Basin.      Branches    smooth,    covered    with    a    white    bloom;    the 
trunk  light-green.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  palmately 
3-5-lobed  or  merely  coarsely  dentate;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blade,    sometimes    scarcely    flattened.      Catkins    greenish.      Sta- 
mens  6-20.     Cultivated.     March-May. 

3.  P.    deltoides    Marsh.       (P.    monilifera    Ait.)       Carolina    or 
Necklace  Poplar.     The  largest  tree  of  the  genus;  with  grayish  - 
green     bark,     becoming     rough     when     old.       Leaves     glabrous; 
broadly  ovate-triangular;   abruptly  acuminate   at  apex;    crenu- 
late; truncate  at  base;  petioles  stout.     Bracts  glabrous,  deeply 
fringed.       Stamens     60     or    more.       Pistillate    catkins     loosely- 
flowered,    becoming    6-10    inches-  long    in    fruit.      Capsules    on 
slender  pedicels.     Cultivated.     April-May. 

4.  P.  iiiyra  L.     Black  Poplar;   Lombardy  Poplar.     Tall   trees 
usually    with    excurrent    trunks,    sometimes    reaching    a   height 
of  100  ft.     Leaves  broadly  deltoid  with  an  abruptly  acuminate 
apex   and   a   crenate   margin;    obtuse   or    broadly   wedge-shaped 
at    the    base.        Staminate    catkins     1-2     inches    long;     stamens 
about    20    to    each    flower.      Pistillate    catkins    2-5    inches    long, 
spreading.       Capsule    very    obtuse,     on    pedicels    much     shorter 
than  capsule.     Cultivated.     April-May. 

5.  P.  candicans  Ait.      (P.  balsamifera  candicans   (Ait.)  Gray.) 
Balm   of  Gilead.     A  large   much -branched   tree   (20-90   ft.   high) 
with    large   very   resinous   terminal   buds.      Leaves    broad,    more 
or    less    heart-shaped;    their    lower    surfaces    and    the    petioles 
hairy.      Styles    2-4,    with    dilated    lobes.      Cultivated.      April. 


12  SPRING  FLORA 


6.  P.    angustifolia    James.      Narrow-leaved    Cottonwood.      A 
slender    tree     (sometimes    reaching-    a    height    of    70    ft.)    with 
ascending-  branches  and  gray  twigs.     Leaves  lanceolate,   lance- 
olate-ovate or  ovate;  acute  or  acuminate  or  some  obtuse;  finely 
crenulate;    short-petioled    (much    resembling    willow    leaves    in 
general  appearance).      Capsules  ovoid,   short-pedicelled.     Along- 
mountain   streams.      April-May. 

7.  P.   acuminata   Rydb.      Much    like   the   last,   but   the   leaves 
are    more    rhomboid-lanceolate,    are    abruptly    long-acuminate, 
and  are   long-petioled. 

BETULACE^l.     Birch  Family. 

Monoecious  shrubs  or  trees  with  slender  branches. 
Leaves  simple  and  alternate,  with  deciduous  stipules. 
Staminate  flowers  in  catkins ;  pistillate  ones  in  clusters, 
spikes  or  scaly  cone-like  catkins.  Stamens  2-8;  stig- 
mas 2.  Ovary  2-celled,  ripening  into  a  winged  or 
wingless  nut. 

Pistillate  inflorescence  persistent 1.  Alnus 

Pistillate   inflorescence    deciduous 2.    Betula 

1.      ALNUS.     Alder. 

Shrubs  or  trees  growing  near  streams.  Flowers  developed 
before  or  with  the  leaves.  Staminate  catkins  long  and  droop- 
ing, with  3  flowers  to  each  scale.  Stamens  3-6  (usually  4). 
Pistillate  catkins  ascending-,  at  length  erect;  their  bracts 
becoming  woody  and  cone-like,  and  remaining  on  the  tree 
through  the  winter.  Fruit  with  or  without  wings. 

1.  A.  tenuifolia  Nutt.  "(A.  incana  yirescens  S.  Wats.)  A 
small  tree  (8-20  ft.  high),  the  trunk  with  greenish-gray  bark, 
and  branches  reddish -brown.  Winter-buds  obtuse.  Leaves 
ovate,  sharply  double-toothed;  light-green  and  smooth  on  'both 
sides  or  slightly  pubescent;  strongly  veined.  Flowers  pro- 
duced early  in  spring  before  the  leaves;  the  catkins  are 
developed  from  terminal  naked  buds  of  the  preceding  year's 
growth.  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  "cones."  Bracts  of  both 
inflorescences  dark-red  while  in  bud;  the  fertile  ones  becoming 
light-brown  in  fruit.  Seeds  with  thin  membranous  margins. 
March-April,  4,800-9,000  ft. 

2.      BETULA.      Birch. 

Smooth-barked  shrubs  or  slender  trees  growing1  near 
streams.  Staminate  catkins  sessile;  long:  and  drooping;  the 
flowers  usually  3  to  each  scale  of  bract;  each  flower  consisting 
of  a  scale-like  and  shield-shaped  calyx,  which  bears  2  2-forked 
filaments.  Each  fork  of  filament  bears  an  anther-cell.  Pis- 
tillate catkins  cylindrical  to  ovoid,  erect;  flowers  2-3  to  each 
3-lobed  bract,  with  neither  calyx  nor  bractlets;  the  bracts 
dropping  away  from  their  axis  as  soon  as  seeds  are  mature. 

1.  B.  fontinalis  Sargent.  (B.  microphylla  Bunge.)  Black 
Birch.  Shrub  or  slender  tree  9-20  ft.  high,  with  reddish-brown 
bark  conspicuously  marked  with  whitish,  horizontal  lenticels 
and  with  glandular-warty  drooping  branches.  Leaves  broadly 
ovate;  sparingly  pubescent;  serrate  with  glandular  teeth. 
April-May,  4,600-8,000  ft. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  13 

ORDER  FAGALES. 

FAGACE-ffi.     Beech  Family. 

Monoecious  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  simple  and 
alternate  (%),  with  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  regu- 
lar. Staminate  flowers  in  catkins  of  small  heads,  each 
with  4-7  sepals,  no  petals  and  4-20  stamens.  Pistillate 
flowers  in  spikes,  in  capitate  clusters,  or  solitary,  with 
sepals  soon  dropping  off,  no  petals  and  ovary  3-7-celled. 
Styles  3.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  nut,  more  or  less  surrounded 
by  a  small  cup  (the  hardened  and  enlarged  involucre). 

1.      QUERCUS.      Oak. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  often  with  deeply  pinnately-lobed  or  cleft 
leaves.  Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish.  Staminate  catkins 
thread-like  and  drooping;  one  or  several  from  the  same  scaly 
bud.  Calyx  2-8-lobed.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  solitary. 
Stigmas  3.  Ovary  enclosed  in  a  cup-like  involucre;  3-celled 
and  6-ovuled  (only  1  of  the  ovules  maturing). 

Cup  covering  about  %  of  the  acute,  ovoid  acorn.  1.  Q,.  Gambellli 
Cup     covering    about     l/3     of    the     obtuse,     barrel-shaped 

acorn 2.   Q.   Gunuisonii 

1.  Q.    Gambellii    Nutt.       (Q.     undulata    Gambellii    Engelm.) 
Scrub  Oak.     A  shrub  10-15  ft.  high  or  rarely  tree-like.     Leaves 
more  or  less  lobed;  leathery;  rather  bright  green  and  glabrate 
above,    puberulent  or   glabrate   below;    dropping   from   the   tree 
soon  after  frost.     In  more  or  less   dense  patches  on  the  lower 
mountain   slopes.     May. 

2.  Q.   Gunnisonii    (Torr.)    Rydb.      (Q.   alba   Gunnisonii    Torr. ; 
Q.    undulata    Gunnisonii    Torr.;    Q.    novo-mexicana    Rydb.)       A 
shrub  3-10   ft.  high.     Leaves  firm;  green  and  sparingly  stellate 
or  at  length   glabrate  above,   puberulent  below;   very   leathery; 
lobes    extending    not    more    than    half-way    to    the    midrib,    the 
lobes    entire. 

2a.  Q,.  Gunnisonii  utahensis  (Rydb.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree 
sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  30  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  almost 
velvety  beneath,  deeply  divided. 


URTICACE-ffi.     Nettle  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  with  stipules,  the 
latter  often  deciduous.  Flowers  monoecious,  dioecious, 
polygamous,  or  perfect;  not  showy.  Calyx  regular; 
free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  fewer  or 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  opposite  them. 


14  SPRING  FLORA 

Ovary  1-   (rarely  2-)   celled,  ripening  into  a  1-seeded 
winged  or  wingless  fruit. 

Fruit  a  samara 1.  uimu« 

Fruit  multiple,  consisting-  of  an  aggregation  of  achenes, 
each  of  which  is  surrounded  by  the  fleshy  and 
juicy  calyx 2.  Mom* 

Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe 3.   Celtis 

1.      ULMUS.     Elm. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs  with  deeply-furrowed  bark.  Leaves 
alternate,  serrate,  strongly  pinnately-veined;  oblique  or  heart- 
shaped  at  base.  Flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamous; 
axillary;  appearing  in  the  spring  before  the  leaves  and  on 
branches  of  the  preceding  year,  or  in  the  autumn  on  •  growth 
of  the  year.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  with 
long  slender  filaments.  Styles  2,  divergent,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  surface.  Ovary  1-2-celled,  ripening  into  a  samara, 
the  wing  of  which  extends  all  around  the  seed. 

Bud-scales  glabrous;  flowers  on  long  pedicels..   1.  U.  americana 
Bud-scales    coated    with    rusty    hairs;    flowers    on    short 

pedicels 2.   U.  fulva 

1.  U.  americana  L.     White  Elm.     Leaves  smooth   or  slightly 
rough    above,    soft-pubescent    below;     oblong-obovate,    usually 
doubly-serrate.      Flowers    in    clusters    of    3-4,    appearing   before 
the   leaves.     Styles  light-green.      Fruit   on   long  stems,    y2    inch 
long,    ciliate   on   the   margins,   deeply   notched   at   apex.      Culti- 
vated.    March -April. 

2.  U.  fulva  Michx.    Red  or  Slippery  Elm.    A  small  or  medium - 
sized  tree  with   reddish   wood,   downy  twigs,   and   mucilaginous 
inner  bark.     Bud  scales  downy  with  rust-colored  hairs.     Leaves 
elliptical-ovate,  long-acuminate,  doubly-serrate;  the  upper  sur- 
face  very    rough.      Flowers    on   very    short    downy    pedicels    in 
crowded    clusters.      Fruit    nearly    round,    slightly    notched    at 
apex,  but  not  ciliate.     Cultivated.     March-April. 

2.     MOIIUS.     Mulberry. 

Trees  with  milky  sap.  Leaves  simple,  toothed,  alternate; 
with  stipules  that  soon  drop  off.  Inflorescence  spicate. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  greenish.  Calyx  4-parted; 
its  lobes-  ovate.  Stamens  4.  Styles  2,  slender.  Ovary  2-celled 
(the  smaller  cell  not  maturing),  ripening  into  an  achene  which 
is  covered  by  the  juicy,  berry-like  calyx.  All  the  achenea  of 
the  flower-cluster  remain  together  as  a  juicy  and  edible  mul- 
tiple fruit,  much  resembling  a  blackberry  in  shape. 

Upper  surface  of  leaves  rough;  lower  surface  downy  1.  M.  rnbra 
Upper  surface  of  leaves  smooth  and  shining 2.  M.  alba 

1.  M.    rubra    L.      Red    Mulberry.      A    large    tree,    sometimes 
reaching  a  height   of   65   ft.     Leaves   ovate,  or  palmately-lobed 
on    young    shoots;    somewhat    heart-shaped    at    base;    acute    or 
acuminate.     Fruit   l-iy2    inches  long;   dark-purple.     April-May. 

2.  M.  alba  L.     White  or  Chinese  Mulberry.      Tree  somewhat 
smaller   than    No.    1.      Leaves   ovate,    with   or   without  a   heart- 
shaped  base;   lobed;   acute;   smooth   and   shining.      Fruit   white, 
about   ^   inch  long;  oblong  or  subglobose.     Cultivated.     May. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  15 


3.     CELTIS.     Hackberry. 

Trees  (sometimes  shrubby)  with  light  bark  in  rough  ridges. 
Inflorescence  axillary.  Flowers  greenish;  appearing  with  the 
leaves. 

1.  C.  retlculata  Torr.  A  bushy  tree  or  shrub,  usually  10  ft. 
or  less  in  height  in  the  Great  Basin;  bark  of  trunk  very  rough. 
Leaves  thick  and  leathery,  strongly  netted-veined;  lanceolate 
or  elliptical  to  ovate;  acute,  acuminate  or  sometimes  obtuse; 
entire  or  serrate  above  the  middle;  base  decidedly  oblique. 
Fruit  green,  becoming  orange-red.  Limestone  cliffs.  May. 


ORDER   SANTALAL.ES. 

SANTALACE^E,      Sandal-wood   Family. 

Partially  parasitic  perennial  shrubs  or  herbs  with 
rather  woody  base  and  entire,  alternate,  almost  or 
altogether  sessile  leaves.  Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect 
with  4-5-cleft  calyx  and  no  corolla;  stamens  equal  in 
number  to  the  calyx-lobes  and  opposite  them ;  style  1 ; 
ovary  1-celled,  containing  2-4  ovules  borne  on  a  free- 
central  placenta.  Fruit  accessory.  Seeds  without  a 
true  seed^coat. 

1.     COMANDRA.     False  Toad-flax. 

Erect  glaucous  herbs,  branching  from  a  woody  base.  Leaves 
elliptical  to  lanceolate.  Inflorescence  an  umbel-like  cyme. 
Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell -shaped,  its  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  crowned  by  the  persistent 
calyx  like  a  rose-hip. 

1.  C.  pallldn  A.  DC.  Pale  Comandra,  Pale,  with  terminal 
cymes  of  small  greenish-white  flowers.  Fruit  about  the  size 
of  a  small  pea.  On  dry  exposed  plains  and  hillsides.  April- 
July.  4,000-6,000  feet. 


ORDER  POt.YGONAl.ES. 

POLYGONACE-ffi.    Buckwheat  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  (sometimes  more  or  less 
woody  at  base),  with  entire  and  usually  alternate  and 
stipulate  leaves.  The  stipules  (if  present)  form 
sheaths  (ocreae)  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem. 
Inflorescence  terminal  or  axillary.  Flowers  small, 
regular,  perfect  (or  sometimes  monoecious,  dioecious  or 


16  SPRING  FLORA 

polygamous).  Calyx  3-cleft;  more  or  less  persistent. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  4-12,  borne  on  base  of  calyx. 
Pistil  of  2-3  stigmas,  2-3  styles,  a  "superior"  1-eelled 
and  1-seeded  ovary  that  ripens  into  a  3-angled  achene. 

Stipules  wanting;  stamens  9;  flowers  mostly  involu- 

crate 1.  Eriogouum 

Stipules  conspicuous;  stamens  4-8;  flowers  not  involu- 

crate  2.  Rumcx 

1.      ERIOGONUM. 

Annual  or  perennial,  some  species  woody  at  base.  Stems 
branched  or  unbranched,  often  tufted.  Leaves  basal,  alternate, 
opposite  or  whorled.  Inflorescence  various.  Flowers  small; 
perfect;  usually  involucrate.  Calyx  6-cleft  or  -parted,  usually 
bright-colored;  persistent  about  the  achene.  Stamens  9,  in- 
cluded or  exserted.  Styles  3;  stigmas  capitate.  Achenes  3- 
angled  (rarely  3-winged). 

Flowers  not  stalk -like  at  base 1.  E.  ovalifolium 

Flowers   stalk-like  at  base. 

Peduncles    leafy-bracted;    leaves    narrow,    tomentose 

on  both  sides 2.  E.  heracleoides 

Peduncles    naked    or    1-bracted;    leaves    broader,    gla- 
brous or  glabrate  above 3.  E.  umbellatum 

1.  E.   ovalifolium   Nutt.      Silver   Plant.      Low   and    caespitose. 
perennial  from   a   short  caudex;   densely   white-woolly.      Leaves 
round  or  oblong.     Involucres  in  a  single  compact  head.     Bracts 
of    3    scales.      Flowers    white    or    yellowish,    or    reddish-purple 
with   age.      Calyx   lobes   very   unequal.      Sandy   hillsides.      June- 
July. 

2.  E.    heracleoides    Nutt.       A    tomentose    perennial.       Leaves 
spatulate-oblanceolate;    tomentose  but  green  above,  white-woolly 
below;  margins  more  or  less  undulate.     Inflorescence  umbellate, 
on    a    whorled    and     leafy-bracted    peduncle.       Flowers    cream- 
colored  or  yellowish;  glabrous.     Achenes  not  winged.     Hillsides. 
May-Sept. 

3.  E.  umbellatum   Torr.      Sulphur-flower.      Tomentose   peren- 
nial herbs.     Leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate;  smooth   and  shining 
above,  white-woolly  below.     Inflorescence  umbellate,  on  a  long, 
naked    (or    rarely    1-bracted)    peduncle.      Flowers    yellow,    gla- 
brous, usually  turning  reddish   in  fading.     Achenes  not  winged. 
E.  umbelliferum  Greene  is  a  form  with  under  surface  of  leaves 
nearly    glabrous    when    mature.      E.    umbellatum    majus    Benth. 
(E.    subalpinum    Greene)    has    cream-colored    instead    of    yellow 
flowers,  and  is  found  at  lower  elevations  than  the  type.     Moun- 
tain  ridges,   5,000-9,000   ft.     May-Sept. 

2.     RUMEX.     Sour-dock. 

Annual  or  perennial  mostly  coarse  and  homely  herbs,  with 
grooved  stems.  Stipular  sheaths  conspicuous.  Inflorescence 
a,  panicled  raceme.  Flowers  dioecious,  polygamous  or  perfect; 
on  jointed  pedicels;  not  involucrate;  whorled;  small  and  green- 
ish. Sepals  6,  in  2  sets  of  3;' the  inner  set  veiny,  sometimes  with 
a  tubercle  on  back;  enlarging  in  fruit,  (and  then  called  valves 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  17 


or  wings)    and   converging  around   the   3-angled  achene.      Style 
3-parted;    stigmas    tufted,    shield-shaped. 

Inner     perianth-lobes     entire,     undulate     or     denticulate; 

never   spiny-toothed. 

Margins  of  leaves  not  at  all  wavy  or  crisped.  .   1.  R.  venosus 
Margins  of  leaves  more  or  less  wavy  or  crisped. 
Leaves  broad. 

Joints  of  pedicels   obscure 2.   R.  occidental^ 

Joints  of  pedicels  swollen 3.  R.  Patentla 

Leaves  narrow 4.  R.  crispus 

Inner  perianth-lobes  spiny-toothed 5.   R.  obtusifollus 

1.  R.    venosus    Pursh.      Veined    Dock.      Stems    ascending    or 
erect,   from   running   rootstalks.      Leaves   smooth,    rather   thick, 
usually    light    green.      Fruit    very    showy,    resembling    that    of 
some    Begonias.      Valves    large,    entire,    without   tubercles,    cor- 
date;   waxy    and    bright    rose-color,    fading    to    light-brownish. 
In   saline  soil.     May-June. 

2.  R.    occidentalis    "Wats.      Western    Dock.      Stems    smooth, 
stout,   erect,   2-3   ft.    high;   more   or  less   purple-tinged.      Leaves 
large,  glossy,  elliptical,  with  cordate  or  subcordate  base.    Fruit 
small  (y^-Vs   inch  in  diameter),  on  pedicels  2-3  times  its  length. 
Valves    sometimes    rosy;    broadly   ovate   or   nearly    round,    often 
denticulate;     all     without    tubercles     or    one    of    them    with    a 
thickened  midrib;  their  apices  obtuse.     In  moist  or  wet  places. 
May-August. 

3.  R.   I'atentia  L.     Patience  Dock.     A  perennial   weed  about 
as  tall  as  No.   2,  with  green  and  glabrous  stems.     Leaves  dark- 
green;    lanceolate    or    elliptical    with    rounded    or    decurrently- 
acute  base.     Fruit  about  the  size  of  that  of  No.   2,  on  pedicels 
nearly   twice   its   length.     Valves   heart-shaped,   nearly   or   quite 
entire;    one    of    them    bearing    a    small    tubercle,    or    its    midrib 
merely  thickened  at  base.     In  moist  or  wet  places.     May-August. 

4.  R.   crispu*   L.      Yellow   Dock.      Stem   smooth,    erect,    about 
2     ft.     high.       Leaves     dark-green;     lanceolate     with     strongly- 
crisped  margins.     Flowers  in  wand-like  racemes;   pedicels  con- 
spicuously  swollen   at   the   joints       Fruit  -smaller   than    that   of 
No.    2.     Valves  greenish,   or   red  at  the  , tubercles;    round-heart- 
shaped,    obscurely    denticulate    or    entire;    usually    all    of    them 
bearing    prominent    tubercles.      A   common    weed    of    waste    and 
cultivated    ground,    especially    near    irrigation    ditches.      May- 
August. 

5.  R.  obtuslfolitis  L.     Bitter  Dock.     Stem  roughish,  erect,  1-2 
ft.   high.     Leaves   membranous;   the   lowest   ovate-heart-shaped, 
mostly     obtuse;     the     upper     oblong-lanceolate,     acute.       Fruit 
smaller  than  No.  2.     Valves  ovate-halberd-shaped,  spinulose  on 
the  margin;   one  of  them  bearing  a  tubercle.     In  moist  places, 
especially  along  irrigation   ditche^.     June-August. 

ORDER  CHENOPODIALES. 

CHENOPODIACE.ffi.     Goosefoot  Family. 

Herbs  (often  fleshy),  sometimes  shrubby.  Leaves 
usually  simple,  alternate,  exstipulate  (reduced  to  scales 
or  ridges  in  some  salt-desert  species).  Flowers  small 


18  SPRING  FLORA 

green  or  greenish;  monoecious,  dioecious,  polygamous 
or  perfect.  Calyx  persistent  (sometimes  wanting)  ; 
2-5-lobed  or  parted,  or  reduced  to  a  single  sepal. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  equalling  in  number,  or  less 
than,  the  calyx-lobes,  and  opposite  them.  Anthers 
2-celled.  Pistil  of  1-3  stigmas,  an  equal  number  of 
styles,  and  a  "superior,"  1-celled  and  1-ovuled  ovary. 
Fruit  a  utricle. 

Flowers    perfect   or   polygamous;    not   enclosed    in   bract- 
lets    i.   Monolepls 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  pistillate  enclosed 

in  2  bractlets 2.  Atrlplex 


1.      MONOL.EPIS. 

Low  and  homely  glabrous  or  somewhat  mealy  annuals. 
Leaves  small;  alternate;  petioled.  Sepal  1,  green  and  bract- 
like.  Stamen  1.  Styles  2. 

1.  M.  Nuttalliana  (R.  &  S.)  Wats.  (M.  chenopodioides  Moq.) 
Much-branched  from  the  base,  somewhat  succulent,  rather 
pale-green.  Leaves  lanceolate-hastate,  changing  upward  into 
leafy  bracts.  Flowers  small,  clustered  in  the  axils;  often  red- 
dish. Saline  soil.  May-July. 


2.      ATRIPL.EX.      (Obione.)      Saltbush;    Orache. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  mealy  or  scurfy.  Flowers  often 
in  spikes;  staminate  flowers  bractless  and  consisting  of  a  3-5- 
parted  calyx  and  3-5  stamens;  the  pistillate  without  perianth 
biit  bracted,  the  bracts  enlarging  in  fruit.  Styles  2. 

Bracts     not     winged     on     the     back;     leaves     ovate     to 

obovate   1.  A.  confertifolla 

Bracts  broadly  4-winged  on  the  back;  leaves  oblanceolate 

to  narrowly  oblong 2.  A.  canescens 

1.  A.    confertifolia    "Wats.      Shad -scale.      A    shrubby    much- 
branched  perennial,   1-4  ft.  hfgh;  the  branches  somewhat  spiny. 
Leaves    entire;    wedge-shaped    at    base.      Flower-clusters    small 
and    axillary.       Bracts     round-wedge-shaped,     united     at    base; 
thick    and    scurfy;    their    margins    entire.      Dry    exposed    places 
among  rocks    (especially   calcareous   tufa)    on   hills.      June. 

2.  A.    oanescens     (Pursh)     James.       A    pale-green,     shrubby, 
much-branched  perennial;  1-4  ft.  high.     Leaves  entire.     Flowers 
mostly    dioecious,    in    short,    terminal    spikes    and    in    axillary 
clusters.     Bracts  ovate,  united  nearly  to  their  tops;  their  wings 
thin,   sinuately  dentate.     Dry  saline   soil.     June-July. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  19 


NYCTAGINACE^I.    Four-o'clock  Family. 

Herbs  with,  stems  swollen  at  the  joints.  Leaves 
mostly  entire  and  opposite.  Inflorescence  terminal  or 
axillary.  Flowers  often  showy,  involucrate;  tubular, 
salver-shaped  or  funnel-form.  Stamens  few,  borne  on 
the  receptacle;  filaments  thread-like.  Style  short; 
stigma  capitate.  Ovary  1-eelled,  1-ovuled;  enclosed  by 
the  persistent,  thickened  and  hardened  base  of  the 
calyx- tube,  thus  becoming-  in  fruit  an  anthocarp. 

Bracts  distinct;   stamens   usually   5 1.  Abronia 

Bracts  united;   stamens  usually  3 2.  Oxybaphus 

1.     ABRONIA.     Sand  Puffs. 

Stems  branching,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent.  Leaves 
thick,  opposite,  mostly  unequal.  Inflorescence  a  many-flow- 
ered umbel,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  distinct  bracts. 
Flowers  showy,  fragrant.  Perianth  salver-form,  with  an 
elongated  tube  and  a  5-lobed  limb.  Stamens  unequal;  peri- 
gynous.  Fruit  crested  or  winged.  Only  1  of  the  cotyledons 
becomes  developed  in  the  embryo. 

1.  A.  salsa  Rydb.  A  perennial  with  a  long,  viscid-pubescent, 
rather  stragging  stem.  Leaves  thick,  on  long  petioles;  stem- 
leaves  elliptic,  and  the  basal  leaves  often  broadly  oval.  In- 
volucral  bracts  broadly  obovate;  obtusish.  Flowers  many. 
Fruit  distinctly  winged,  the  wings  very  broad  and  nearly  trun- 
cate above.  Sandy  saline  soil.  May-October.  Locally  called 
"Snow-ball." 

2.      OXYBAPHUS.      (Allionia).      Four-o'clock. 

Herbs  from  thick,  perennial  roots.  Leaves  entire,  opposite; 
equal.  Flowers  sessile;  3-5  in  each  of  the  shallow,  calyx-like 
involucres;  the  latter  of  united  bracts,  which  enlarge  and  be- 
come thin  and  net-veined  in  fruit.  Calyx  with  a  short  tube  and 
a  bell-shaped  limb.  Stamens  usually  3.  Style  thread-like. 
Fruit  (an  anthocarp)  pubescent  or  angled;  pear-shaped,  longi- 
tudinally ribbed. 

1.  O.  linearls  (Pursh)  Robinson.  (Allionia  linearis  Pursh; 
O.  angustifolia  Sweet.)  Tall,  much-branched  and  brittle;  gla- 
brous except  the  more  or  less  hairy  peduncles  and  involucres. 
Leaves  linear,  thick  and  glaucous;  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Flowers 
showy;  pale-pink  or  white;  opening  in  the  evening.  Gravelly 
plains  and  hillsides.  June-August. 

ORDER  CARYOPHYL.LJ*  LES. 
CARYOPHYLLACE-ffi.     Pink  or   Chickweed  Family. 

Herbs  with  the  stems  often  swollen  at  the  joints. 
Leaves  entire;  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate; 


20  SPRING  FLORA 

usually  without  stipules.  Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  often 
clawed;  or  none.  Stamens  3-10,  borne  on  the  calyx  or 
on  the  receptacle.  Styles  2-5.  Ovary  1-  (rarely  3-5-) 
celled;  seeds  several  or  many,  borne  on  a  central  pla- 
centa. Fruit  a  capsule  (or  rarely  a  utricle). 

Calyx  of  united  sepals. 

Styles  2   1.   Supoiiaria 

Styles  3,  or  rarely  4   2.  Sllene 

Calyx  of  distinct  sepals. 

Petals   (if  present)   entire  or  slightly  notched.  .    3.  Arenaria 
Petals   (if  present)   deeply  notched. 

Pod  short  and  straight;  styles  usually  3....   4.  Stellarla 
Pods     long-     and     often     curved;     styles     usually 

5 5.  Cerastium 

1.      SAPONARIA.      (Includes   Vaccaria.)      Soapwort. 

Herbs  with  erect  or  diffuse  stems  and  rather  broad  leaves. 
Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  5;  entire  or  slightly  notched,  long- 
clawed.  Stamens  10. 

1.  S.  Vaccaria  L.  (Vaccaria  Vaccaria  Britton;  V.  vulgaris 
Host.)  Cow  Herb;  Cow  Cockle.  A  dichotomously-branched 
erect-stemmed  glabrous  annual  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  lance- 
plate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  clasping  at  base.  Flowers  pink,  % 
inch  broad,  on  long  and  slender  pedicels;  in  corymbose  cymes. 
Calyx  strongly  5-angled,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Petals  crenulate, 
without  scales  at  base.  In  dry,  sandy  soil.  June-August. 

2.     SII.ENE.     Catchfly. 

Flowers  solitary,  cymose  or  panicled.  Calyx  cylindric;  4-5- 
toothed.  Petals  4-5,  narrow-clawed.  In  some  species,  each 
petal  has  2  scales  at  base,  and  these  scales  collectively  form 
a  crown.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

Annual  or  biennial;  inflorescence  a  cyme  or 

panicle 1.  S.  antirrlilna 

Perennial;  flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  of  leafy 

branches  2.  S.  Menzleali 

1.  S.  antirrhina  L.     Sleepy  Catchfly.     Slender,  glabrous,  with 
a  part  of  each  joint  viscid  and  colored  red  or  brown;  4-20  inches 
high.       Leaves    narrowly-lanceolate    to    linear;     sessile    or    the 
lowermost  narrowed  into  a  petiole.     Flowers  small;   in  a  loose 
cymose   panicle;   becoming  fully   expanded   only   in   bright   sun- 
shine.      Petals     pale-pink;     obcordate,    minutely-crowned.       On 
dry,   gravelly   hills.      June-September. 

2.  S.      Menziesii      Hook.         Glandular-puberulent,      much- 
branched,    6-18    inches  high.      Leaves   sessile,    or   the   lowermost 
short-petioled;     elliptical    or    lanceolate.       Inflorescence    leafy; 
axillary  and  terminal.     Peduncles  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
Flowers    v/z~Vz    inch   long.     Calyx   5-toothed,  much    shorter   than 
the  corolla,  and  about  the  length  of  the  capsule.     Petals  white, 
2-cleft,  without  scales.     In  moist  shaded  places,  especially  near 
mountain   streams.     June-August.      6,000-10,000   ft.' 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  21 


3.       ARENARIA.       Sandwort. 

Mostly  low  and  tufted.  Leaves  sessile;  often  rigid  and 
subulate.  Flowers  white  or  sometimes  tinged  with  pink;  in 
cymes,  panicles  or  sometimes  capitate.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5  or 
none.  Stamens  10.  Styles  usually  3.  Capsules  globose  or 
oblong. 

1.  A.  nintahensis  A.  Nelson.  Perennial  from  a  much-branched 
caudex;  caespitose.  Leaves  chiefly  basal  on  the  crowns;  fas- 
cicled; needle-shaped.  Stems  slender,  erect,  few-leaved.  Cyme 
loose.  Sepals  narrowly  ovate,  acute,  scarious.  Petals  obtuse. 
Capsule  slightly  shorter  than  the  styles.  In  crevices  of  rocks 
on  mountain-slopes,  usually  in  exposed  situations.  June-July. 


4.       STEL-L.ARIA.       (Alsine.)       Chickweed;    Stitchwort. 

Low  annuals,  often  with  4-sided  stems.  Leaves  exstipulate; 
sessile  or  rarely  petioled.  Inflorescence  cymose  or  solitary. 
Sepals  free  to  the  base,  or  nearly  so.  Petals  white.  Stamens 
10  or  less.  Styles  usually  3.  Fruit  an  ovate  or  oblong  straight 
capsule,  which  in  discharging  its  seeds  splits  to  the  base. 

Lowest  leaves  petioled 1.  S.  nitens 

Leaves  all  sessile 2.   S.  longipea 

1.  S.    nitens    Nutt.       (Alsine    nitens    (Nutt.)    Greene.)      Erect 
with  very  slender  stems  (3-7  inches  high);  glabrous  or  slightly 
hairy   below.      Leaves    linear,    acute;    sessile    or    the    lowermost 
contracted  into  slender  petioles.     Inflorescence  strict  with  erect 
pedicels,    or    the    flowers    sessile.      Petals    half    as    long   as    the 
sepals,    or    sometimes    wanting.       Capsules    oblong,    almost    as 
long  as  the  calyx.     Dry  gravelly  meadows.     May. 

2.  S.    longripes    Goldie.       (Alsine    longipes    (Goldie)    Coville.) 
Starwort.     Stems  weak;  erect  or  decumbent;  very  slender;   6-10 
inches  high.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  keeled,   light- 
green.       Inflorescence     terminal,     dichotomously     forked;     few- 
flowered;    with    small,    papery    bracts.      Capsule    ovoid,    longer 
than    calyx;    on    erect   pedicels.      Shaded    or    wet    places.      May- 
August. 


5.     CERASTITJM.     Mouse-ear' Chickweed;  Powder«-horn. 

Pubescent  or  rarely  glabrous  herbs  with  dichotomous  cymes 
of  white  flowers.  Sepals  5,  or  sometimes  only  4.  Petals  (if 
present)  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Stamens  10  or  rarely  less. 
Styles  5  or  rarely  4.  Capsule  cylindrical;  dehiscing  by  8-10 
apical  teeth. 

1.  C.  brnchypodum  Robinson.  A  viscid-pubescent  annual, 
3-10  inches  high.  Lower  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate.  nar- 
rowed into  a  petiole;  upper  linear  to  lanceolate,  sessile.  Petals 
longer  than  the  sepals.  Pedicels  in  fruit  1-3  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx;  .-straight  or  nearly  so.  Capsules  2-3  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  Among  blue-grass  in  lawns.  May-Sept. 


22  SPRING  FLORA 


PORTULACACE-ffi.     Purslane  Family. 

Herbs,  usually  from  underground  stems  or  thickened 
roots.  Leaves  succulent,  entire,  exstipulate.  Inflor- 
escence cymose,  racemose  or  solitary.  Flowers  mostly 
ephemeral,  opening  only  on  bright,  sunshiny  days; 
regular,  complete,  unsymmetrical.  Sepals  2  (rarely 
4-8).  Petals  usually  5,  fragile  and  becoming  very  thin 
in  pressed  specimens.  Stamens  hypogynous,  3-many, 
usually  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals.  Styles  2-3- 
cleft  or  divided.  Ovary  1-celled,  "superior,"  ripening 
into  a  capsule. 

Petals   distinct 1.    Cluytonia 

Petals  united  at  the  base  forming  a  short  tube 2.  Montia 


1.     CLAYTONIA.     Spring  Beauty. 

Annual  or  perennial  succulent  herbs  often  from  a  deep- 
seated  tuber.  Leaves  entire.  Inflorescence  in  terminal  ra- 
cemes or  cymes.  Flowers  showy;  proterandrous;  not  ephemeral; 
pink  with  darker  veins  of  the  same  color  (or  in  some  species 
yellow).  Sepals  2,  persistent.  Petals  5,  all  of  the  same  length. 
Stamens  5.  Ovules  about  6. 

Stems  and  the  basal  leaves  from  a  thick  caudex;  stem- 
leaves  alternate 1.  C.  megarrhiza 

Stems  and  the  basal  leaves  from  a  tuber-like  corm; 

stem  leaves  opposite 2.  C.  lanceolata 

1.  C.  megarrhiza  Parry.     Perennial  from  a  large  root   (often 
a     foot     long).       Basal     leaves     rosette-forming;     spatulate     to 
broadly  wedge-shaped.     Stem  leaves  2  (or  rarely  more) ;  usually 
alternate;     linear    to    spatulate,    narrowing    toward    the    base. 
Scapes   cymose.     May. 

2.  C.    lanceolata    Pursh.       (C.    caroliniana    sessilifolia    Torr.) 
Stem    4-12    inches    long.       Basal    leaf    narrow;    stem    leaves    2, 
lanceolate    or    linear.      Raceme    cymose,    sessile    or    nearly    so; 
few-flowered;     scarious-bracted.       On    moist    mountain     slopes. 
April -May. 


2.     MONTIA.     Indian,  Miners'  or  Spanish  Lettuce. 

Mostly  annuals.  Roots  fibrous.  Sepals  2.  Petals  3-5; 
mostly  unequal,  and  usually  slightly  united  at  base.  Stamens 
usually  3,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovules  2-5. 

Calyx  4-25ths  of  an  inch   long;   seeds   2-25ths   of  an   inch 

broad    ' 1.    M.   perfoliata 

Calyx    2-25ths    of   an    inch    long;    seeds    l-25th    of   an    inch 
broad. 

Basal  leaves  linear 2.    M.  parvlflora 

Basal   leaves   ovate 3.   M.   depressa 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  23 


1.  M.     perfollata     (Donn.)     Howell.       (Claytonia     perfoliata 
Donn.)       Stems    erect    or    ascending-,    unbranched,    3-12    inches 
high;   each   bearing-   2  leaves  near  the  summit  which   are  more 
or  less  united  into  a  round  or  angulately  2-lobed  rather  shallow 
cup-shaped    disk.      Basal    leaves    rhomboid-ovate,    with     entire 
margins;   long-petioled,   but   shorter  than   the   stems.      Inflores- 
cence  racemose.      Pedicels    short,    in    fruit    seldom   longer    than 
the  calyx.     Corollas  white  or  pink.     Petals  and  stamens  5.     Cap- 
sule  globose,    2-5-seeded.      Shaded   places   near   streams   in    rich 
soil.     April -May. 

2.  M.    parviflora     (Dougl.)     Howell.       (Claytonia    parviflora 
Dougl.)      Stem    more    slender    than    that    of   No.    1;    3-12    inches 
high.      Basal    leaves    narrowly    linear    to    spatulate,    on    rather 
short    petioles:    stem-leaves    forming    a    disk    as    in    No.    1,    or 
sometimes  nearly  separate.     Pedicels  slender;  in  fruit  2-6  times 
as   long  as -calyx.      Corolla   white   or   pink.      Same   habitat   and 
time   of  flowering  as  No.   1. 

3.  M.  depressa   (A.   Gray)    Rydb.      (M.  parviflora  depressa  A. 
Gray).      Depressed,    a    few    inches    high.      Basal    leaves    broadly 
ovate   or   rhombic   and  petiolate;   stem-leaves   rather    small   and 
usually   2-angulate.      Inflorescence   glomerate   or   subumbellate. 
Flowers  small,  sessile.     Corolla  white  or  pink.     Along  streams 
in    moist    or    in    rather    dry    places,    and    on    rather    dry    hills. 
April-June. 

ORDER  RANAI.ES. 

RANUNCULACE-ffi.     Buttercup  or  Crowfoot  Family. 

Herbs  with  acrid  juice.  (Clematis  is  more  or  less 
woody) .  Leaves  without  stipules ;  basal  or  alternate 
(opposite  in  .Clematis).  Flowers  perfect  or  rarely 
dioecious,  all  their  parts  free  and  distinct.  Sepals 
3-15.  generally  caducous.  Petals  about  as  many  as  the 
sepals ;  or  wanting,  in  which  case  the  sepals  are  usually 
colored  like  a  corolla.  Stamens  many  or  rarely  few. 
Carpels  usually  many,  but  solitary  in  some  species; 
ripening-  into  achenes,  follicles  or  berries. 

Leaves     alternate     or    basal:     stem     not     woody;     sepals 

imbricate. 
Leaves   once   or  more  ternately-compound. 

Flowers   small:   petals,   if  present,   not  spurred. 

Petals  none;  fruit  an  achene 1.  ThnHctrum 

Petals  3-10;  fruit  a  berry 2.  Actaea 

Flowers     showy;     petals     spurred;    fruit     a     fol- 
licle          3.    Aquilegla 

Leaves  variously  lobed  or  divided:  not  compound. 

Flowers  irregular;  fruit  a  follicle 4.  Delphinium 

Flowers    regular;    fruit   an    achene. 

Plant  not  submerged;  petals  yellow.  .  5.  Ranunculus 

Plant  submerged;  petals  white 6.  Batrachlum 

Leaves    opposite;    stem    somewhat    woody;    sepals    valv- 

ate   .  , , , , 7.  Clcmatl» 


24  SPRING  FLORA 


1.      THALICTRTJM.      Meadow-Rue. 

Perennials,  1-4  ft.  high.  Petioles  dilated  at  base.  Flowers 
panicled  or  corymbed;  perfect  or  dioecious.  Sepals  4-7,  regu- 
lar, greenish-white,  petal-like.  Carpels  4-15,  ripening  into 
achenes. 

1.  T.  Pendleri  Engelm.  Granular  or  glandular-pubescent. 
Leaves  triternate,  petioled  or  the  uppermost  sessile;  the  leaflets 
petioled,  small,  roundish,  3-lobed.  Flowers  dioecious,  panicled. 
Achenes  large,  with  8-10  prominent  ribs.  May-June.  Along 
mountain  streams  in  light  shade.  This  plant  is  sometimes 
mistaken  for  Maidenhair  fern. 


2.      ACTAEA.      Baneberry. 

Tall  erect  branched  herbs,  often  unpleasantly  sfcented; 
perennial  from  a  short  and  branched  rootstalk.  Leaves  2-3 
times  ternately  compound.  Flowers  small,  racemose,  white, 
numerous,  regular.  Sepals  3-6;  petal-like;  petals  narrow; 
clawed;  smaller  than  sepals.  Stamens  numerous.  Stigma  ses- 
sile, 2-lobed.  Carpel  1;  ovary  many-ovuled,  ripening  into  a 
poisonous  berry. 

1.  A.  arguta  Nutt.  (A.  spicata  arguta  Torr.  Includes  A. 
eburnea  Rydb.)  Bushy-branched,  7-15  inches  high;  glabrous 
or  nearly  so.  Basal  leaf  long-petioled;  the  divisions  pinnate, 
also  long-petioled.  Leaflets  thin,  prominently  veined;  ovate, 
sharply  incised  and  with  acute  or  acuminate  teeth.  Raceme 
ovoid,  elongating  in  fruit.  Petals  spatulate.  Berries  scarlet 
or  white;  oval  or  nearly  round.  In  rich  soil  near  mountain 
streams  or  springs.  May-June. 


3.      AQ,UILEGIA.      Columbine. 

Perennials  with  large  2-3  ternately-compound  leaves.  Sepals 
5,  regular,  petal-like.  Petals  5,  regular,  each  one  usually  pro- 
longed backward  between  the  sepals  into  a  hollow  spur. 
Stamens  many;  the  inner  row  being  a  white  membranous  tube 
of  staminodia.  Carpels  5.  Follicles  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  flavescens  Watson.  Yellow  Columbine.  Stem  2-5  ft. 
high.  Peduncles  and  carpels  pubescent,  the  rest  of  plant  gla- 
brous. Flowers  nodding  but  becoming  erect  in  fruit.  Sepals 
pale-yellow,  often  tinged  with  red.  Petals  pale-yellow;  their 
spurs  more  or  less  curved  but  scarcely  hooked,  knobbed  at 
end.  about  as  long  as  petals  but  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
Stamens  long-exserted.  Along  mountain  streams,  from 
6,000-9,000  ft.  May-July. 


4.      DELPHINIUM.      Larkspur. 

Perennials  with  palmately-lobed,  cleft  or  divided  leaves  and 
blue  flowers  in  simple  racemes.  Sepals  5;  irregular,  the  upper 
one  being  prolonged  into  a  slender  spur,  colored  like  the 
corolla.  Petals  4;  irregular,  the  upper  2  fitting  into  the  calyx- 
spur.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  3,  ripening  into  many-seeded 
follicles. 

Stem   (at  least  above)   usually  viscid 1.  D.  bicolor 

Stem  not  viscid ,,.,,., 2.  D.  Nelsonli 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  25 


1.  D.  blcolor  Nutt.     Stem  erect  from  a  cluster  of  thickened, 
fusiform    roots.       Leaves    round    in     outline,    twice    palmately- 
parted;    the    ultimate    segments    narrow.      Flowers    few,    rather 
large,   the  lateral  petals  about   %   inch  long,  indigo-blue;   upper 
petals    white   or   pale-yellow   with   blue   veins.      Pedicels   longer 
than   the  flowers  and  fruit.     Inflorescence  not   glandular.     Dry 
hills.      May-June. 

2.  D.  Nelsonii  Greene.     Stem  erect,  puberulent  but  not  viscid 
above,    from    a    cluster    of    tuberous    roots.      Leaves    firm;    the 
basal     ones    pedatelj'-divided    into    linear    segments,     the    long 
petioles   sheathing  the   stem;   the  upper  short  petioled,  less   di- 
vided.     Flowers    few,    dark-blue;    the    lateral    petals    about    % 
inch    long,   somewhat  pubescent;   the  lower  petals   2-cleft,   with 
a  tuft  of  hairs  near  the  middle.     Dry  hills.     May-June. 


5.     RANUNCULUS.     Buttercup;  Crowfoot. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  basal  or  alternate  stem- 
leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbed  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
deciduous.  Petals  5  or  more,  each  with  a  nectiferous  pit  at 
base  inside.  Carpels  numerous;  capitate  or  spicate;  ripening 
into  achenes. 

Achenes   spiny 1.   R.  arveiisis 

Achenes  not  spiny. 

Achenes     longitudinally     nerved;     stolon- 

iferous 2.  R.  Cymbalaria 

Achenes  not  nerved. 
Plant  glabrous. 

Stem  hollow,  about  a  foot  high.  ...   3.  R.  sceleratds 
Stem       solid,       much       less       than       a       foot 

high    4.   R.   digitatus 

Plant   rough-hairy 5.   R.   Macouiiil 

1.  R.  arvensis  L.     Corn  Crowfoot;  Hunger  Weed.     Erect,  8-18 
inches  high;  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent.     Leaves  alternate, 
the   lower   ones  petioled,   broadly   wedge-shaped   and   3-toothed, 
or  larger  and  deeply  divided;   the  upper  ones  sessile.     Flowers 
rather  small   (%   inch  across),  pale  yellow.    Achenes  4-8.    Along 
roadsides;   introduced.     June. 

2.  R.   Cymbalaria   Pursh.      (Oxygraphis   Cymbalaria    (Pursh) 
Prantl.;   Halerpestes  Cymbalaria    (Pursh)    Greene).     Strawberry 
Buttercup.       Low.     glaucous,     spreading     by     runners.       Leaves 
mostly    basal,    slender-petioled,    subcordate    with    crenate    mar- 
gins.    Head  of  fruit  oblong,  longer  than  petals.     Along  ditches 
and  around  cold  springs.     April-October. 

3.  R.  scelerntus  eremogenes  (Greene).  A  stout,  coarse 
annual,  8-15  inches  high,  at  length  becoming  much-branched. 
Leaves  basal  or  alternate;  all  3-parted  or  divided  to  near  the 
base.  (This  distinguishes  the  variety  from  the  type,  in  which 
the  divisions  do  not  extend  more  than  halfway  to  the  base.) 
Carpels  in  ovoid  or  cylindric  heads,  soon  falling  off.  In  mud 
of  ponds  and  around  cold  springs.  June-August. 

4.  R.  dlgitatus  Hook.  (R.  Jovis  A.  Nels.)  Stem  2-3  Inches 
high,  very  glabrous.  Roots  thickened.  Leaves  few,  digitately- 
lobed.  Flowers  2-3,  terminal,  the  sepals  reflexed.  Achenes 
tipped  by  the  Recurved  style.  In  moist  soil  on  hillsides.  March- 
July,  7.000-9,000  ft. 


26  SPRING  FLORA 


5.  R.  Mncounil  Britton.  Bristly  Crowfoot.  A  coarse,  hairy 
plant,  1-2  ft.  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  3-divided; 
basal,  or  cauline  and  alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  bases. 
Flowers  about  %  inch  broad.  Heads  of  fruit  oblong.  Achenes 
with  short,  straight  beaks.  In  wet  places  near  ditches  and 
springs.  June-August. 


6.     BATRACHIUM.     (Ranunculus  in  part). 

Winter  annuals  or  perennials,  growing  in  water  or  in  mud 
of  ponds.  Leaves  filiform-dissected  (in  our  species);  petioles 
dilated  at  the  base.  Peduncles  solitary;  opposite  the  leaves. 
Petals  white,  sometimes  with  a  yellowish  base,  the  claw  bear- 
ing a  small  pit.  Achenes  transversely  nerved. 

Leaves  collapsing  when  taken  from  water.  .   1.  B.  triehophyllum 
Leaves  not  collapsing  when  taken  from  water.  .   2.  B.  dlvaricatum 

1.  B.   tricophyllum    (Chaix.)    Bossch.      (Ranunculus   aquatilis 
trichophyllus     DC;     B.     confervoides    Auct,    Amer.     not    Fries.) 
Common    White    Water    Crowfoot.       Stems    usually    a    foot    or 
more  long.     Leaves  mostly  petioled,  mostly  more  than  an   inch 
long,    the    divisions    rather    remote.      Petals    oblong-ovate,    less 
than    %    inch   long.     Stamens   5-12.      Receptacle   ovoid.      All   but 
the    flowers    submerged    in    water,    in    irrigation    ditches    and 
ponds.      June-August. 

2.  B.   divaricatum    (Schrank.)    Wimm.      (R.   circinatus   Sibth.; 
B.  longirostre  (Godr.)  F.  Schutz.)    Stiff  Water  Crowfoot.    Stems 
usually    shorter    than    No.    1.      Leaves    less    than    an    inch    long, 
nearly    sessile,    dissected    into    capillary    divisions    shorter    than 
those    of   No.    1.      Petals   broadly    ovate,    at   least    ys    inch    long. 
Stamens      many.        Receptacle      conic.        Achenes      usually      not 
beaked     (conspicuously     beaked     in     the     form     known     as     B. 
longirostre). 

These  two  species  are  very  polymorphic,  and  various  so- 
called  species  have  been  Separated  from  them.  Perhaps  tha 
most  important  of  these  is  the  one  that  has  been  called  B. 
flaccidum,  which  is  intermediate  in  characteristics  between 
the  above  species. 

7.     CLEMATIS.     Virgin's  Bower. 

Perennial  herbs  or  woody  climbers.  Leaves  opposite;  pin- 
nately  compound  or  in  some  species  simple.  Sepals  4-5, 
petaloid,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  none,  or  small  and  transi- 
tional into  stamens.  Stamens  many,  with  adnate  anthers. 
Carpels  many  in  a  head,  long-styled,  ripening  into  long-tailed, 
plumose  achenes. 

1.  C.  occidentalis  Hornem.  (C.  alpina  occidentalis  Gray; 
Atragene  occidentalis  Hornem.)  A  low.  half-woody  climber. 
Leaves  usually  3-foliate.  Leaflets  slender-petioled;  entire  or 
sparingly  dentate;  acuminate  or  sometimes  acute.  Flowers 
large  and  showy.  Sepals  violet;  acute,  rather  thin.  Filaments 
dilated,  some  of  the  outer  ones  usually  petaloid.  Styles  per- 
sistent and  plumose  in  fruit.  Shaded  cliffs  in  the  mountains. 
May-July.  6,000-10,000  ft. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  27 


BERBERIDACE-ffi.     Barberry  Family. 

Shrubs  (some  species1  herbs)  with  exstipulate  and 
usually  alternate  leaves  and  solitary  or  racemose  in- 
florescence. Flower-parts  opposite  to  each  other,  all 
free  and  distinct.  Sepals  and  petals  usually  6  each, 
deciduous.  Stamens  6  (in  our  species),  sensitive, 
closing  around  the  pistil  when  irritated.  Carpel  1, 
becoming-  a  1-3-seeded  berry. 

1.      BERBERIS.      Barberry;    Mahonia. 

Shrubs  with  yellow  wood,  and  flowers  in  clustered  brac- 
teate  racemes.  Sepals  6,  colored  like  the  6  yellow  petals. 
Bractlets  3  or  6.  sepal-like;  green  or  yellowish.  Anthers  dis- 
charging pollen  through  uplifted  valves  hinged  at  top.  Stigma 
peltate. 

1.  B.  repens  Lindl.  "Oregon  Grape";  Trailing  Barberry.  A 
creeping  shrub  less  than  a  foot  high;  leaves  evergreen,  dull, 
strongly  netted,  pinnately  3-7-foliate;  leaflets  3-7,  ovate  to 
elliptical,  acute,  weakly  spiny-toothed.  Racemes  terminating 
the  stems.  Sepals  spreading,  the  alternate  ones  the  larger. 
Petals  erect.  Berries  blue  or  purple,  with  a  bloom,  April- 
June,  in  canyons  on  moist,  protected  slopes.  locally  called 
"Wild  Grapes."  Children  often  confuse  this  plant  with  Poison 
Ivy.  (According  to  some  botanists,  B.  repens  is  a  synonym 
of  B.  aquifolium,  a  more  robust  plant  of  the  northwest.) 

ORDER    PAPAVERALES. 

PAPAVERACE^.     Poppy  Family. 

Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice  and  alternate,  ex- 
stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  or  racemose ;  regular, 
with  2  or  rarely  3  fugaceous  sepals  and  4-6  deciduous 
petals.  Stamens  many.  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  all 
free  and  distinct.  Pistil  1,  with  a  "superior,"  1-celled 
ovary,  bearing  2  or  more  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  dehiscing  by  pores  or  valves  at  the  apex. 

1.     ARGEMONE.     Prickly  Poppy;  Mexican  Poppy. 

Coarse,  branching  herbs  with  reddish-yellow  sap  and  pale- 
green  stems  and  foliage.  Leaves  sessile;  lobed  and  spiny- 
toothed.  Flowers  large  and  showy;  white  or  yellow;  erect 
but  nodding  in  the  bud.  Sepals  3,  each  spiny-beaked,  together 
making  the  bud  3-horned.  Petals  4-6,  thin  and  delicate, 
obovate.  Capsule  spiny,  1-celled,  opening  by  3  valves  at  apex. 

1.  A.  i  nt  or  media  Sweet.  (A.  platyceras  Coulter  in  part.) 
Thistle  Poppy.  Stem  3  ft.  high  or  less,  glaucous  except  for 
the  scattered  spines.  Leaves  white-veined.  Flowers  on  long 
peduncles.  Petals  white,  broadly  obovate,  crape-like  in  tex- 
ture. Dry  fields.  June-July. 


28  SPRING  FLORA 


FUMARIACE-ffi.     Fumitory  Family. 

Herbs  with  bland  or  slightly  bitter  juice,  compound 
dissected  exstipulate  leaves  and  inflorescence  in 
racemes,  panicles,  spikes  or  solitary.  Flowers  irregu- 
lar. Sepals  2,  scale-like.  Petals  4,  in  2  pairs,  more  or 
less  united.  Stamens  6,  diadelphous.  opposite  the 
larger  petals.  Ovary  1-celled  and  1-seeded,  or  several- 
seeded  with  2  parietal  placentae.  (Some  writers  have 
united  this  family  with  Papaveraceae.) 

Corolla   2-spurred   at  base 1.   Diceutra 

Corolla   1-spurred  at  base. 

Fruit  linear  or  oblong;  dehiscent 2.  Corydalis 

Fruit  globose  or  nearly  so;  indehiscent 3.  Fumaria 

1.      DICENTRA.       (Bicuculla.)       Dutchman's    Breeches. 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs  from  a  crown  of  small  grain-like 
bodies  that  in  our  species  are  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
fusiform  fleshy  root.  Inflorescence  solitary,  racemose  or 
paniculate.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  flattened  and  heart- 
shaped;  the  outer  pair  of  petals  spurred  and  spreading,  much 
longer  than  the  clawed  and  erect  inner  pair,  the  petals  of 
which  slightly  cohere  at  apex.  Filaments  dilated.  Pla- 
centae 2. 

1.  D.  uniflora  Kellogg.  Squirrel  Corn;  Bleeding  Heart.  Leaf 
usually  1,  basal;  its  blade  1-2  inches  long,  triangular  in  out- 
line, pinnately  3-7-divided,  each  segment  pinnatifid  into  a  few 
linear-oblong  or  spatulate  lobes.  Scape  weak,  2-3-bracted, 
bearing  a  single  flesh -colored  flower.  %  inch  long,  which  is 
often  hidden  among  dead  leaves.  March -April.  In  rich  soil  on 
mountain  sides. 

2.      CORYDALIS.      (Capnoides.)      Corydal. 

Glaucous  leafy-stemmed  more  or  less  succulent  herbs,  with 
decompound  leaves.  Inflorescence  racemose.  Flowers  yellow, 
or  pink  with  yellow  tips.  Corolla  deciduous,  one  petal  of  the 
outer  pair  spurred  at  base;  the  inner  pair  narrow,  keeled  at 
back.  Fruit  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  aurea  Willd.  (Capnoides  aurea  (Willd.)  Kuntze.) 
Golden  Corydal.  Winter  annual  or  biennial.  Stems  hollow, 
usually  spreading,  the  size  varying  greatly  with  place  of 
growth.  Flowers  few.  golden-yellow.  Pod  spreading  or 
nodding;  distinctly  torulose,  at  least  after  drying.  On  exposed 
banks,  sometimes  among  rocks,  or  tangled  among  shrubs  along 
mountain  streams.  April-June. 

3.      FUMARIA.      Fumitory. 

Annuals,  with  weak  and  much  branched  stems  and  finely 
dissected  compound  leaves.  Racemes  rather  long.  Flowers 
pink-purple  with  4  erect-connivent  petals,  much  as  in  Cory- 
dalis. Fruit  1-seeded. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  29 


1.  F.  officinalis  L.  Stems  %-3  ft.  high,  often  climbing  or  de- 
cumbent. Flowers  purplish,  darker  at  apex.  In  waste  places, 
often  along  railroad  tracks.  June-August. 

CRUCIFER^.    Mustard  Family. 

Herbs  with  a  pungent  watery  juice,  alternate  ex- 
stipulate  leaves  and  inflorescence  in  terminal  racemes 
or  corymbs.  Pedicels  without  bracts.  Flowers  with 
4  deciduous  sepals,  4  cruciform  petals  (or  wanting  in 
some  species  of  Draba  and  Lepidium),  6  tetradynamous 
stamens  (or  2-4  in  some  species  of  Lepidium  or  in  3 
sets  of  2  each  in  some  species  of  Streptanthus)  and  1 
pistil  with  a  2-  or  rarely  1-celled  "superior"  ovary. 
Fruit  a  silique  or  a  silicle.  Mature  fruit  is  necessary 
for  the  determination  of  the  species. 

Fruit    compressed    or    flattened    at    right    angles    to    the 

(narrow)    partition. 
Fruit    ovate-cordate    to    round    in    outline,    each    cell 

1 -seeded    1.   Lepidium 

Fruit  broadly   wedge-shaped   or   elliptic-oblong;    each 

cell    several-seeded 2.    Cnpsella 

Fruit    compressed    or    flattened    parallel    to    the    (broad) 

partition. 
Fruit     globose,     2-8-seeded;     filaments     dilated     near 

base    3.   Alyssum 

Fruit     linear,     oblong     or     ovate     (rarely     globose) ; 
many-seeded;    filaments   not   dilated. 

Fruit  a  silicle 4.   Draba 

Fruit  a  silique. 

Valves  of  silique  1-nerved. 

Fruit     linear;      anthers      short,      scarcely 

emarginate  at  base 5.  Arabis 

Fruit   strap -shaped;    anthers   long,    sagit- 
tate at  base 6.  Streptanthus 

Valves   of  silique   nerveless 7.   Cardamine 

Fruit   neither   compressed   nor   flattened. 
Fruit   a   silicle. 

Silicle  didymous,  its  cells  bladdery-inflated  8.   Physarla 
Silicle  not  didymous. 

Silicle     many-seeded;     pubescence     not     ste- 

late 9.    Camclina 

Silicle  2-8-seeded;  pubescence  stellate..    3.  Alyssmn 
Fruit  a  silique. 

Fruit   not   distinctly  beaked. 
Fruit   terete   or   nearly   so. 

Seeds   in    2   rows   in   each    cell. 

Valves  of  fruit  nerveless 10.   Radieula 

Valves  of  fruit  1-nerved...    11.  Sisymbrlum 
Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 


30  SPRING  FLORA 


Fruit       long-linear,        1-4       inches 

long   12.  Caul  ant  h  UK 

Fruit  linear   (1  inch  long  or  less). 
Flowers    yellow    or    white;    pods 

spreading 11.  Sisymbrium 

Flowers     pink     or    purple;     pods 

erect    13.   Thelypodium 

Fruit    4 -angled. 

Flowers     yellow;     none     of     the     leaves 

clasping    14.   Erysimum 

Flowers     yellowish-white;     upper    leaves 

clasping    15.    Courlngia 

Fruit  distinctly  beaked. 

Beak       long;       seeds       in       1       row;       silique 

terete    16.    Brassica 

Beak    very    short;    seeds    in    2    rows,    silique 

flat    17.    Diplotaxis 


1.      LEPIDIUM.     Pepper-Grass. 

Mostly  homely  herbs.  Stems  usually  much-branched. 
Flowers  usually  in  dense  racemes;  white,  greenish  or  rarely 
yellow;  on  slender  pedicels,  without  bracts;  mostly  incon- 
spicuous. Petals  small  or  none.  Stamens  tetradynamous.  or 
sometimes  4  or  only  2.  Silique  small;  notched  at  apex;  roundish 
in  outline;  strongly  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  partition; 
each  of  its  cells  1 -seeded. 

Stamens  6;  tetradynamous. 
Upper  leaves  clasping. 

Petals  yellow;  style  none 1.  L.  perfoliatum 

Petals  white;  style  conspicuous 2.  L.  Draba 

None  of  the  leaves  clasping 3.  L.  montanum 

Stamens   4   or  2. 

Petals  white,  longer  than  sepals. 

Petals  broadly  spatulate 4.  L.  virginicum 

Petals  narrowly  spatulate 5.  L.  medium 

Petals  minute  or  none. 

Siliques  emarginate  or  retuse  at  apex. 
Siliques  glabrous. 

Stem  simple  at  base 6.  L,.  apetalum 

Stem        divergently        branched        from 

base   7.  L..  divergens 

Siliques    pubescent. 

Stem  hirsute 8.   L.  lasiocarpum 

Stem   puberulent 9.   L.  pubecarpum 

Siliques  toothed  or  lobed  at  apex 10.  Ii.  dictyotnm 

1.  L..  perfoliatum  L..  Annual.  6-12  inches  high.  Stem  simple 
below,  branched  above.  Lower  leaves  5  inches  or  less  in 
length,  petioled;  pinnate,  the  subsessile  divisions  again  pinnate, 
but  becoming  less  and  less  so  upward  on  the  stem  until  they 
are  entire  and  clasping  the  stem  by  the  sagittate  or  finally 
cordate  base.  Flowers  very  small,  on  slender  reddish  pedicels. 
Pods  round,  barely  notched.  In  waste  places.  April-June. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  31 


2.  L.  Draba  L.      Hoary   Cress.      Perennial,    10-18   inches  high; 
hoary-pubescent.       Stem     simple    below,     few-branched    at    the 
inflorescence.     Leaves  bluish -green;   2  inches  or  less  in  length; 
the    lower    petioled,     lanceolate,    obtuse;     the    upper    sagittate, 
merging     into     bracts.       Racemes     corymbose.       Pods     broadly 
ovate;  winged.     In  waste  places.     April-June.     Introduced. 

3.  L.    montanum    Nutt.      Decumbent    (or    rarely    erect)    and 
radially  much -branched  from  a  somewhat  woody  root.     All  the 
leaves  more  or  less  deeply  toothed   or  pinnatifid,   the  segments 
obovate    or   broadly    oblanceolate    (very   rarely    entire).      Sepals 
not   falling   off  before   the   white   and   very   conspicuous   petals. 
Styles     conspicuous.       Capsules     indistinctly     netted;     wingless; 
elliptical-ovate  to  nearly  round;  emarginate  at  apex.     Dry  hills 
and  mountain  valleys.     April-August. 

3a.  L,.  montanum  alyssoides  Jones.  (L.  Jonesii  Rydberg.) 
Distinguished  from  th.e  type  by  the  simple  stem  at  base  and 
by  the  linear  segments  of  the  basal  leaves. 

4.  L.  virginicum   L.      Erect,    8-24   inches   high;    simple   below, 
branched    at    the    inflorescence.      Basal    leaves    pinnate    or    pin- 
natifid,  usually   withering   before    the   fruit   ripens;    obovate   or 
spatulate    in    outline,   the    terminal    segment    much    the    largest. 
Pedicels    slender,    widely    spreading.      Siliques    round;    smooth; 
often   purple-tinged   at   maturity.      Seeds   wing-margined;    coty- 
ledons   accumbent.      In    moist    situations.      May-November. 

5.  L.     medium     Greene.        (L.     intermedium     Gray.)        Erect 
annual  with   stems  simple  below,   branched  above;   glabrous   or 
nearly   so.      Leaves    glabrous;    lanceolate,    dentate,    but   scarcely 
ever     pinnatifid;     those     of     the     branches     linear    and     entire. 
Siliques    not    shining.      Stigma    sessile.      Cotyledons    incumbent. 
In    moist    places    near    streams.      May-October. 

6.  L.  apetalum  Willd.      (L.   elongatum  Rydb.)      Erect  annual 
wicxi    stem    simple    below    and    more    or    less    branched    above; 
glabrous    or    nearly    so.      Basal    leaves    more    or    less    incisely 
toothed     or     pinnatifid;     segments     usually     acutish.       Flowers 
apetalous.      Stamens   2.      Silique    glabrous.      'Includes   L.   densi- 
florum   Schrader.)      In   dry  soil   in   waste   ground.     May-June. 

7.  L,.     divergent     Osterhout.       A     much -branched     biennial; 
minutely     pubescent.        Basal     leaves     short-petioled;     broadly 
spatulate,  more  or  less  dentate;  those  of  the  stem  smaller  and 
mostly   entire.      Flowers   borne    on    horizontal    pedicels    in   long 
racemes.      Petals    none.      Silique   elliptical;    glabrous.      Dry    soil 
of   waste   places,   at   rather   high   elevations.      June-August. 

8.  L.    lasiocarpum    Nutt.      Decumbent,    branching    from    near 
the  base;  hirsutely   white-  pubescent.     Lower  leaves  pinnately- 
parted.     with    sparingly    toothed    or    entire    segments.       Sepals 
iisually  purple,   with   thin  white  margins.     Petals  usually  lack- 
ing.    Silique  suborbicular;  thin-margined  near  the  apex;  hispid- 
pubescent    upon    both    sides    or    at    least    upon    the    edge    (very 
rarely    quite    smooth.)       Includes    L.    Wrightii    A.    Gray.)       Dry 
soil   in    waste    places.      May-June. 

9.  Li.  pubecarpum  A.  Nelson.     Annual,  4-6   inches  high;  stem 
(and  branches  in  well-developed  plants)    paniculately  branched 
from  near  the  base;  obscurely  puberulent.     Leaves  small;  linear 
to   somewhat  spatulate,   acute;   the  broader  ones  remotely   cut- 
toothed.      Sepals   purplish.      Petals   none.      Stamens    2.      Siliques 
permanently    finely    pubescent;    from    broadly    oval    to    round. 
Stigma   sessile   in  the  narrow,  shallow  notch.      In   rather  moist 
places  along  mountain   streams.     May-July. 


32  SPRING  FLORA 


10.  L,.  tlictyotum  A.  Gray.  Annual;  decumbent,  much  branched 
from  the  base.  Leaves  linear,  tapering-  to  both  ends,  1-2  inches 
long;  usually  entire.  Petals  usually  wanting.  Siliques  ovate, 
strongly  reticulated;  pubescent  when  young.  In  alkaline  soil. 

2.      CAPSELL.A.      (Bursa.)      Shepherd's  . Purse. 

Homely  erect,  branching  annuals;  more  or  less  pubescent 
with  forked  or  stellate  hairs.  Inflorescence  at  length  a 
raceme  of  small  white  flowers.  Style  short,  persistent.  Fruit 
a  silicle.  Seeds  many  in  each  cell. 

Siliques  wedge-shaped,  the  length  less  than  twice  the 

breadth 1.  C.  Bursa-jmstoris 

Siliques  elliptical,  the  length  6-10  times  the 

breadth  2.  C.  procumbent* 

1.  C.     Bursa-pastoris     Medic.        (Bursa     Bursa-pastoris     (L.) 
Britton.)      A  very  familiar   weed   of   waste   places,    usually   less 
than     a     foot     high.        Inflorescence     of     buds     corymbose,     but 
lengthening    into    a    raceme    in    fruit.       Basal     leaves    rosette- 
forming;    variously    pinnatifid.       Stem-leaves    sagittate;    entire 
or   dentate.      Siliques   emarginately   wedge-shaped.      Jan. -Dec. 

2.  C.  procumbens   (L.)   Fries.      (C.  divaricata  Walp.;   C.   ellip- 
tica  C.  A.  Meyer;  Hutchinsia  procumbens  (L.)   Desv.)     A  smaller 
plant  with   the  upper  leaves   oblanceolate  to  linear,    entire,  not 
sagittate.       Stigma     sessile     or     nearly     so.       Siliques     elliptic- 
oblong,    entire   at  apex,    on   slender   pedicels.      April-June. 

3.      ALYSSUM. 

Branching  stellate-pubescent  annual  or  perennial  herbs. 
Leaves  entire.  Inflorescence  a  rather  crowded  simple  raceme; 
but  corymbose  at  first.  Flowers  small,  with  entire  petals. 
Silique  globose;  seeds  1-2  in  each  cell. 

1.  A,  nlyssoides  (L.)  Gouan.  (A.  calycinum  L.)  Yellow  or 
Small  Alyssum.  Erect,  usually  branching  from  the  base, 
densely  stellate-pubescent,  3-10  inches  high.  Leaves  spatulate; 
entire;  alternate  (%);  the  internodes  becoming  shorter  towards 
the  summit.  Flowers  pale-yellow,  fading  to  white;  persisting 
around  the  base  of  the  fruit.  Filaments  of  the  shorter  sta- 
mens toothed  at  the  base.  Dry  hills  and  waste  places.  May- 
June. 

4.      DRAB  A.      Whitlow   Grass. 

Low  tufted  annuals  or  perennials  with-  usually  stellate 
pubescence.  Leaves  simple  and  basal,  often  in  dense  rosettes. 
Inflorescence  racemose,  often  scape-like.  Flowers  small;  petals 
yellow  or  white,  or  sometimes  wanting. 

Flowers   white. 

Leaves   entire. 

Pods   smooth 1.   D.  caroliniana 

Pods  pubescent 2.   D.  caroliniana  micrantha 

Leaves   dentate 3.   D.  cuncifolia 

Flowers  yellow 4.  D.  nemoro-sa 

1.  D.  caroliniana  Walt.  Carolina  Whitlow-Grass.  Winter 
annual  on  short  leafy  stems.  Leaves  entire,  oblong  or  obovate; 
sessile;  stellate-hairy;  somewhat  fleshy;  entire,  or  rarely  3-4- 
toothed.  Raceme  corymbose  even  in  fruit.  Petals  white,  twice 
the  length  of  the  sepals,  entire  (sometimes  lacking  in  the  later 
flowers).  Style  none.  Pods  glabrous.  In  sandy  fields.  March- 
June. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  33 


2.  D.    caroliuiaiia    micraiitha    (Nutt.)     Gray.       (D.    micrantha 
Nutt.)       Distinguished    from    the .  type    by    the    minutely-hairy 
pods.      The  petals  are  often   lacking. 

3.  D.  eimeifolia  Nutt.     Winter  annual   on   short  leafy   stems. 
Leaves    obovate,     wedge-shaped    or    the    lowermost    spatulate; 
loosely    stellate-pubescent;    sparingly    dentate.      Raceme    some- 
what lengthened  in  fruit.     Petals  white,   2-3  times  longer  than 
the   sepals;    notched   at   the   apex.      Style   none.      Pods   minutely 
hairy.     March -April. 

4.  D.  iiemorojsa  L.     Winter  annual,  loosely-stellate  pubescent, 
3-12   inches   high.      Leaves   narrowly-ovate   to   lanceolate;    more 
or  less  toothed.     Racemes  lengthened.     Petals  notched  at  apex; 
yellow,    fading    to    white.      Style    none.      Pedicels   horizontal    or 
widely     spreading;     twice    as    long    as     the    pods.       Dry    hills. 
April-June. 

5.    ARABIS.     Rock  Cress. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs.  Leaves  simple.  Inflorescence 
a  raceme,  sometimes  corymbose  at  the  summit.  Flowers  white 
or  purple.  Silique  linear,  flat;  its  valves  usually  1-neryed,  not 
elastically  dehiscent  at  maturity.  Seeds  winged  or  wingless; 
in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

biliques  reflexed;  style  wanting 1.  A.  Holboellli 

Siliques   erect   or   spreading. 
Flowers  white  or  whitish. 

Style  wanting;  flowers  yellowish-white...    2.  A.  glabra 

Style  very  short;  flowers  white 3.  A.  hirsuta 

Flowers  rose-purple  or  pink 4.  A.  mlcrophylla 

1.  A.  Holboellii  Hornem.      (A.  retrofracta  Graham.)      A  stel- 
late-pubescent   (rarely    glabrous)    biennial    or    perennial    with 
simple  or  branching  stems,    y2-2  ft.   high.     Basal   leaves  spatu- 
late;   entire   or   slightly   dentate.      Petals    white,   pink    or   pink- 
purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  becoming  reflexed.    Silique 
long,    somewhat   curved.      Seeds   in    1    or    2    rows.      (Includes    A. 
exilis  A.  Nelson,  a  form  with  a  simple  stem  not  woody  at  base 
and  seeds  in   2  rows;  A.  lignipes  A.  Nels.,   with   slender  usually 
simple  stems  woody  at  base  and  seeds  in   1   row;  A.   rhodantha 
Greene   (A.  consanguinea  Greene)   with   stout  simple  stems  and 
seeds    in    1    row;    and    A.    lignifera    A.    Nels.    with    woody    stem 
branched  from   the  base  and  seeds  in   1   row.)      April-June.     In 
the  mountains  and  on  dry  plains,   often  among  sage-brush. 

2.  A.  glabra   (L.)   Bernh.      (A.  perfoliata  Lam.)      Tower  Mus- 
tard.     An    erect    biennial.      Stems    2-4    ft.    high,    glabrous    and 
glaucous    above,    often    hirsute    below.      Basal    leaves    petioled, 
2-10    inches    long;    narrowly    oblanceolate  and    coarsely    dentate 
or    even    lyrate.      Stem    leaves   sagittate,    entire,   clasping.      Ra- 
ceme  simple;    many-flowered.      Siliques    narrow,    erect,    closely- 
appressed.     Seeds  in  2  rows.     May-June,  in  light  shade  in  moist 
places. 

3.  A.   hirsuta    (L.)    Scop.      An    erect,    rough -hairy    or    nearly 
glabrous  biennial,   1-3  ft.  high;  unbranched  or  nearly  so.    Basal 
leaves     with     margined     petioles;     oblanceolate     to     spatulate; 
usually     toothed;      clustered.        Stem-leaves     sessile,      clasping; 
lanceolate     or    elliptical;     auricled    at    base.       Raceme     simple, 
many-flowered.     Petals  white  or  greenish-white.     Siliques  (and 
pedicels)    erect.      Seeds    with    very    narrow    margins;    in    1    row 
when   mature. 


34  SPRING  FLORA 


4.  A.  microphylla  Nutt.  Stems  slender,  perennial,  several 
from  a  woody  caudex.  Leaves  small,  sparingly  pubescent;  those 
of  the  base  somewhat  clustered;  stem-leaves  auriculate-clasp- 
ing;  entire  or  denticulate.  Siliques  ascending.  Seeds  in  1 
ro\\;  slightly  winged  or  wing-margined.  Shaded  mountain 
cliffs,  May-June. 

6.       STREPTANTHTJS. 

Herbs,,  1-2  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  usually  toothed  or  pinna- 
tifid.  Sepals  and  petals  colored  alike;  some  or  all  of  the 
former  being  saccate  at  the  base.  Stamens  6:  4  long  and  2 
short,  or  in  3  sets  of  2  each,  with  the  2  longer  pairs  more 
or  less  united  by  the  filaments. 

1.  S.  cordatus  Nutt.  A  glaucous  perennial  with  unbranched 
rather  stout  stem,  and  thick  elliptical  to  obovate  leaves,  those 
of  the  stem  clasping  by  the  auricled  base.  Flowers  greenish- 
yellow  to  purple.  Petals  clawed  and  with  very  narrow  limb, 
once  and  one-half  longer  than  the  sepals.  Silique  flat;  nearly 
straight.  Sunny  banks  and  mountain  sides.  May-June. 


7.      CARDAMINE.      Bitter  Cress. 

Smooth-stemmed  perennials,  usually  from  small  tubers  or 
running  rootstalks.  Leaves  all  petioled.  Flowers  in  racemes. 
Silique  straight.  Seeds  in  1  row. 

1.  C.  cordifolia  Gray.  Stem  erect,  unbranched,  leafy  to  the 
top,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  from  round  to  cordate;  wavy-mar- 
gined or  angular-toothed,  ciliate;  2-4  in.  broad.  Flowers 
white,  rather  showy.  Siliques  erect.  Around  cold  springs  in 
the  mountains.  May -August. 


8.      PHYSARIA.      Bladder-pod. 

Perennial  stellate-pubescent  herbs.  Leaves  spatulate,  mostly 
entire.  Flowers  yellow,  in  terminal  racemes.  Petals  longer 
than  the  sepals.  Styles  filiform.  Siliques  stellate-pubescent. 

1.  P.  didymocarpa  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.  Pale-green;  stems  sev- 
eral from  a  long  root:  3-12  inches  long.  Basal  leaves  obtuse; 
rarely  few-lobed;  narrowed  into  margined  petioles.  Stem- 
leaves  nearly  sessile,  narrowly  spatulate.  Seeds  numerous. 
In  dry  soil  among  rocks.  May-August. 


9.      CAMELINA.      Gold   of   Pleasure. 

Erect  annuals,  with  entire  or  toothed  clasping  sagittate 
leaves  and  small  dull-yellow  flowers  in  loose  racemes.  Silique 
pear-shaped,  beaked  by  the  slender  persistent  style.  Seeds 
several  in  each  cell. 

1.  C.  saliva  Crantz.  False  Flax.  Stem  1-2  ft.  high,  simple 
or  branching  above;  leafy;  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose-pubes- 
cent. A  common  weed  of  waste  places  and  grain  fields.  It  is 
cultivated  in  Europe  for  the  oil  contained  in  its  seeds.  May- 
June. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  35 


10.     RADICULA.     (Nasturtium;  Roripa.)      Cress. 

Herbs  growing  in  water  or  at  least  in  wet  places.  Leaves 
varying  from  toothed  to  pinnately-divided.  Flowers  small; 
white  or  yellow.  Silique  oblong1,  with  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each 
cell. 

Perennial    growing"    in    running    water; 

petals    white 1.    R.    Nasturtium-Aquaticum 

Biennial  growing  near  wa.ter;   petals  yellow 2.  R.  pacifioa 

1.  R.    Nasturtium- Aqunticiim    (L.)    Britton    &    Rendle.      (Nas- 
turtium    officinale    R.    Br. ;    Roripa    Nasturtium     (L.)     Rusby.) 
True  "Water  Cress.     Stems  ascending  and   rooting  at  the  nodes; 
glabrous;    sometimes    2-3   ft.   high.      Leaves   with    3-11    roundish 
or    elliptical     segments.       Petals    twice    the    length     of    sepals. 
Around    cold    springs    and    in    irrigation    ditches.      Introduced. 
May-October. 

2.  R.  rmcifica    (Howell).      (N.  terrestre  occidentale  S.  "Wats.: 
Roripa   clavata   Rydb.)      Stems    erect,    about    a   foot  high;    gla- 
brous.     Leaves   lyrate.    glabrous,    or  the   auricles   ciliate.      Style 
short    and    thick.      Siliques    stout,    %-%    inch    long;    sometimes 
4-carpellary.      Seeds   tuberculate.      In    wet  places.      May-June. 

11.      SISYMBRITJW.      (Includes   Sophia   and    Stenophragma.) 
Annuals,  biennials  or  perennials  with   spreading  pubescence. 
Flowers    small;    yellow    or    rarely    white.      Silique    terete,    flat- 
tened   or   6-sided.      Seeds   without   margins;    in    1    or    2    rows   in 
each   cell.  t 

Flowers    yellow. 

Pubescence      of      simple      hairs;      leaves      not      com- 
pound     1.    S.    officlnnle 

Pubescence    of   forked    or    stellate    hairs;    leaves    pin- 

nately -compound. 

Silique  narrowly  linear:    %-l  inch  long....    2.  S.  Sophia 
Silique    linear-oblong.    ys-%    inch    long. 

Densely  canescent:   pedicels  diverging  nearly 

90  degrees  from  stem 3.   S.  piniiatuin 

Glabrate  or  sparsely  canescent;  pedicels   less 

widely   divergent 4.    S.   tneisuin 

Flowers   white 5.    S.  Thaliaimm 

1.  S.  officinale   (L.)    Scop.     Hedge  Mustard.      Stem   sparingly 
branched    if   at    all.      Leaves    rnncinate.      Siliques    thick -walled; 
pubescent,    closely    appressed:    borne    on    a    very    short    pedicel. 
Stigma    2-lobed.      A   homely   weed    of   waste    places.      May-Nov. 

2.  S.  Sophia  L.      A   bushy,  minutely  hoary-pubescent   annual. 
Stems  slender,   1-2%    ft.   high.     Leaves   2-3    pinnatifid.   the   ulti- 
mate segments  linear  or  linear-oblong.     Pedicels   very   slender, 
ascending,   shorter   than    silique.      Seeds   in    1   row   in    each    cell. 
Dry  ground   in   waste   places.     June-August. 

3.  S.    pinnatiim    (Walt.)       (Sophia    pinnata    (Walt.)    Brit.:    S. 
canesrens    Nutt.">       Tansy    Mustard.       Stem    erect    a.nd    slender: 
branched;    6-24    inches   high.      Leaves    1-3    pinnatifid    into   many 
obtuse    segments.       Flowers    very     small;     ascending,     on     very 
slender    pedicels.      Style    very    short;    stigma    simple.      Siliques 
ascending  or  nearly  horizontal:  longer  or  shorter  than  pedicels. 
Seeds  in  2  rows  in   each   cell.     A  homely  weed  of   waste  places 
and    dry    plains.      Ma.y-September, 


36  SPRING  FLORA 


4.  S.  incisum  Engelm.      (S.   calif  ornicum  Wats.;  Sophia  incisa 
(Engelm.)    Greene.)      Stem    1-4    ft.    high,    with    short   and    more 
or  less  glandular   pubescence.     Leaves   once-pinnate    (or  twice- 
pinnate    to     dissected),     the    divisions     sharply     cut-lobed     into 
linear    to    oblong-ovate    segments.      Stigmas    simple.       Siliques 
ascending,    equalling    or    shorter    than    the    ascending    pedicels. 
Seeds    in    1    row.      In    moist    soil.      May-August. 

4a.  S.  incisum  filipes  Gray  (Sophia  filipes  (Gray)  Heller) 
is  distinguished  from  the  type  by  its  spreading,  thread-like 
pedicels,  which  are  much  longer  than  the  mostly  erect  siliques, 
and  the  seeds  usually  in  2  rows.  On  dry  hillsides.  May-Ang. 

5.  S.  Thaliamim  Gay.      (Stenophragma  Thaliana   (L.)    Celac.) 
Wall-Cress.     Stem  erect,  1-16  inches  high,  much-branched;  more 
or   less   pubescent    with    simple   or   forked   hairs.      Basal    leaves 
forming    a    loose    rosette;    1-2    inches    long;    narrowed    into    a 
petiole;     oblanceolate     or     oblong.       Stem-leaves    sessile;     often 
entire.      Inflorescence    a    terminal    raceme.      Flowers    white,    on 
very  slender,  spreading  pedicels.     Petals  about  twice  the  length 
of  sepals.     Style  very  short;  stigma  2-lobed.     Siliques  narrowly 
linear.      Seeds   in   1   row  in   each   cell.      Dry  hills.      April-Maj'. 

12.      CATJLANTHUS. 

Perennials  from  a  stout  tap-root.  Leaves  lyrate,  the  di- 
visions entire.  Flowers  greenish-yellow  or  purple.  Sepals 
large,  nearly  equally  saccate  at  base.  Petals  with  a  broad 
claw.  Filaments  included,  bearing  linear,  curved  anthers. 
Stigma  nearly  sessile,  somewhat  2-lobed. 

1.  C.  hast  at  us  Watson.  Glabrous;  unbranched  or  sometimes 
branched.  Leaves  petioled;  the  terminal  leaflet  of  the  basal 
leaves  is  very  much  larger  than  the  lateral  ones,  and  is  ovate 
with  a  hastate  base.  Inflorescence  a  loose  raceme.  Flowers 
reflexed.  Sepals  narrow  and  far  apart.  Petals  usually  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  toothed  on  the  sides.  Pods  sessile,  3  inches 
long  or  more;  spreading.  Seeds  in  1  row,  wingless.  In  moun- 
tain valleys.  June-August. 

13.       THELYPODIUM. 

Biennial  or  rarely  perennial  herbs  with  alternate,  petioled 
or  clasping  leaves.  Flowers  white,  pink  or  purple  (or  some- 
times yellow).  Sepals  narrow,  equal  at  base.  Petals  flat; 
usually  narrowed  into  a  claw  at  base.  Filaments  long  and 
slender;  anthers  linear,  sagittate  at  base. 

1.  T.  torulosum  Heller.  (T.  sagittatum  Endl.)  Stems  weak, 
rarely  erect,  12-18  inches  high.  Leaves  entire;  basal  ones 
lanceolate,  long-petioled;  cauline  sagittate  and  clasping.  Se- 
pals purplish;  petals  pale-pink.  Silique  somewhat  torulose. 

14.     ERYSIMUM.      (Cheiranthus.)     Wall  Flower. 

Erect  branched  or  unbranched  biennial  or  perennial  herbs. 
Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate;  entire,  toothed  or  lobed.  Inflor- 
escence corymbose  in  bud,  but  lengthening  into  a  raceme  in 
fruit.  Flowers  in  most  species  showy;  yellow  or  orange,  some- 
times with  a,  purplish  tinge;  often  fragrant.  Petals  clawed. 
Siliques  4-angled.  Seeds  in  1  row. 

Flowers  showy;  about  an  inch  high 1..  E.  asperum 

Flowers  not  showy;  about   %   inch  high....    2.  E.  cheiranthoides 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  37 


1.  E.  nsnerum  DC.     (Cheiranthus  asper  Nutt.)     "Western  Wall 
Flower.       Stems    usually    unbranched,     1-1%     ft.    high;    rough- 
pubescent    with     3-forked    hairs.      Leaves    narrowly    lanceolate 
or    elliptical;     entire     or     rather     remotely     dentate.       Flowers 
lemon-yellow.      Siliques    ascending    or    widely    spreading;    2-3 
inches    long.      Hillsides.      April-June. 

2.  E.    chelranthoirtes    L.       (C.     cheiranthoides     (L.)     Heller.) 
Worm-seed     or      Treacle     Mustard.        Erect,     minutely     rough - 
pubescent,   much -branched;    %-2  ft.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
elliptical;    entire    or    slightly    toothed;    sessile    or   tapering   into 
a   short  petiole.     Flowers   rather  small.     Calyx   yellowish;   cor- 
olla   lemon-yellow,    mixed    with    white    below.      Silique    nearly 
erect,    less    than    an    inch    long    when    mature;    on    ascending 
pedicels  about  %  inch  long.     In  dry  soil  in  waste  places.     April- 
June. 


15.     CONRINGIA.     Hare's  Ear  Mustard. 

Glabrous  annuals  with  sessile  and  entire  stem-clasping 
leaves  and  long,  4-angled  siliques.  Seeds  cblong,  in  1  row  in 
each  cell. 

1.  C.  oricntnlis  (L.)  Dumort.  (C.  perfoliata  Link.)  Stem 
usually  erect;  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  light-green;  elliptical,  with 
obtuse  apex.  Introduced.  In  waste  places.  May-June. 

16.     BRASSICA.     Mustard. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs.  Stem  erect  and 
branching.  Basal  leaves  pinnately-lobed;  stem-leaves  dentate 
or  entire.  Inflorescence  racemose.  Flowers  showy;  bright- 
yellow.  Siliques  sessile;  terete  or  4-angled;  tipped  with  a 
mostly  1-seeded  beak.  Seeds  globose,  without  margins;  in  1 
row  in  each  cell. 

None  of  the  leaves  clasping  at  base. 

Pods    not     appressed;     their    beaks    flat    or    angled, 

1-seeded    1.   B.  arvensls 

Pods  appressed:  their  beaks  conical,  empty 2.  B.  nigra 

Upper  leaves  clasping  at  base •. .  . . .   3.  B.  campestris 

1.  B.   arvensis    (L.)    Kuntze.      (B.    Sinapistrum   Boiss.)      Wild 
Field  Mustard.     Stem  erect,   1-2  ft.   high;  hispid  with   scattered 
hairs.     Pedicels  stout.     Pod  smooth  or  sometimes  bristly;  some- 
what constricted  between  the  seeds;  its  beak  large  and  flat  or 
conspicuously   angled.      Fields  and   waste  places.     June-Sept. 

2.  B.  nlgra    (L.)    Koch.     Black  Mustard.     Stem   erect,    2-7   ft. 
high,  hirsute  with   scattered  hairs.     Leaves  on  slender  petioles 
or  the  upper  sessile.     Flowers  fragrant.     Pods  short;  on  short, 
erect  pedicels.     Seeds  dark -brown.     Roadsides  and  waste  places. 
April -November. 

3.  B.    cainpegfri.s    L.      Turnip;    Ruta-Baga.      Glaucous;    light- 
green;   biennial   from   a   thickened   root.      Stem-leaves   lyrately- 
lobed  below;  upper  entire  and  cordate  or  auriculately-clasping. 
Flowers   lemon-yellow.      In   waste  places,    escaping  from   culti- 
vation.     April-November.      With    it    will   probably   be   found   B. 
Napus    L.    (Rape). 


38  SPRING  FLORA 


17.      DIPL.OTAXIS.     Rocket. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  yellow  flowers  in  terminal 
racemes.  Siliques  long,  slender,  terete,  with  a  short  beak  at 
apex.  Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell;  marginless;  ovoid. 

1.  D.  temiifolia  (L.)  DC.  (Sisymbriurn  tenuifolium  L.)  Wall 
Rocket.  A  bushy  perennial,  much-branched  above;  glabrous 
or  sparingly  hirsute,  1-4  ft.  high.  Leaves  a  foot  long  or  less, 
pinnately  divided;  the  lobes  far  apart,  often  alternately  2- 
toothed,  lanceolate  below  and  linear  above.  Racemes  loose, 
elongated  in  fruit.  Siliques  1-1%  in.  long,  nearly  erect  on 
long  pedicels.  May-July,  in  moist  waste  places. 

ORDER  ROSALES. 

CRASSULACE-ffi.     Orpine  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  more  or  less  succulent  herbs 
(sometimes  shrubby).  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite; 
sessile  and  exstipulate.  Inflorescence  cymose  or  rarely 
solitary.  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical.  Sepals 
persistent,  4-5-lobed.  Petals  distinct  or  slightly  united 
at  base  (or  rarely  wanting).  Stamens  as  many  or  twice 
as  many  as  sepals.  Carpels  as  many  as  sepals ;  distinct 
or  united  below.  Fruit  a  follicle. 

1.      SEDUM.     Stone  Crop.     Orpine. 

Glabrous  annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs.  Inflores- 
cence cymose,  usually  unilateral.  Flowers  star-like.  Sepals 
4-5;  petals  4-5,  distinct,  usually  narrow  and  sharp-pointed. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  sepals.  Pistils  4-5,  ripening  into 
many-seeded  follicles. 

Leaves  acute 1.  S.  steuopetalum 

Leaves  obtuse 2.   S.  deblle 

1.  S.  steiiopetalum  Pursh.     Stems   3-6   inches  high,   simple   or 
branched,    perennial;    tufted.      Leaves    alternate,    sessile,    linear, 
entire;   terete   or   nearly  so.     Flowers  bright  yellow,   with   nar- 
rowly-lanceolate    petals.       Carpels     spreading.       Shaded     cliffs 
among   rocks.      May-June. 

2.  S.    debilc    Watson.      Perennial    from    a    slender    rhizome. 
Stems  slender,   weak.     Leaves  round   or  nearly  so,   flat;   sessile, 
but    narrowed    toward    the    base.      Flowers    yellow,    on    rather 
long   pedicels.      Petals   more   or   less   united   at   the   base. 

SAXIFRAGACE^l.     Saxifrage  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite  or  all 
basal,  usually  without  stipules.  Inflorescence  solitary, 
racemose  or  paniculate.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary 
or  adhering  to  it,  usually  persistent.  Petals  usually 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  39 

4  or  5  (or  rarely  none)  ;  perigynous.  Stamens  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  petals,  and  alternate  with  them; 
perigynous.  Carpels  2-5,  more  or  less  united.  Ovary 
with  parietal  or  axial  placentae ;  ripening  into  follicles, 
a  capsule  or  a  berry. 

Herbs;   fruit  a  capsule  or  follicle. 

Inflorescence    paniculate 1.    Heucnera. 

Inflorescence    racemose. 

Hootstalk   scaly 2.   Mitella 

Rootstalk   bulbif erous 3.    Tellium 

Shrubs;  fruit  a  berry 4.  Ribes 

1.      HEUCHERA.      Alum-root. 

Erect  or  ascending  perennial  herbs  with  scaly  rootstalks. 
Leaves  all  basal:  long-petioled  and  palmately-veined;  mostly 
round-cordate.  Flowers  small,  in  a  panicle  or  raceme.  Sepals 
5.  Petals  5.  entire.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals.  Styles  2, 
slender;  persisting  as  beaks  of  the  capsule.  Ovary  1;  1-celled, 
with  2  parietal  placentae. 

Stamens  and  styles  included  (at  least  at  first) .  .  1.  H.  parvifolin 
Stamens  and  styles  exserted 2.  H.  rubescens 

1.  H.    imrvi folia    utahensis    (Rydb.)       (H.    utahensis    Rydb.) 
Leaves     round-cordate,     crenately     5-7-lobed,     the     basal     lobes 
usually    overlapping;    the    blades    smooth    and    shining;    petioles 
2-4    inches    long.      Inflorescence   narrow   but    open,    on   a   naked 
scape    that    sometimes    reaches    a    length    of    2    feet.      Flowers 
yellowish -green.     Sepals   triangular.      Petals   spatulate,   slightly 
shorter    than    the    sepals.      Moist    mountain-slopes    in    rich    soil, 
usually   in    light   shade.      May-July. 

2.  H.  rubesocns  Torr.     Leaves  thick;  dark  green  and  shining 
above  and  often  red  beneath;   1   inch   broad  or  less;   round-cor- 
date,   obscurely    5-lobed,    each    of    the    coarsely    dentate    lobes 
terminating     in     a     bristle;     glabrous     or     slightly     pubescent. 
Flowers   pink    or   red;    panicled.      Forming   mats   in    crevices   of 
rocks    on    vertical    cliffs.      June-August. 


2.     MITELL.A.     Mitre-wort. 

Herbs,  perennial  from  a  rhizome.  Leaves  ovate  or  round- 
cordate;  mostly  basal  on  long  petioles.  Inflorescence  race- 
mose; scape-like.  Flowers  small:  white  or  greenish.  Calyx 
5-cleft,  partly  adherent  to  the  depressed  ovary.  Petals  5; 
fringed,  toothed  or  entire.  Stamens  5  or  10;  included.  Styles 
2,  very  short.  Ovary  1-celled  with  2  parietal  pla.centae.  Seeds 
many;  smooth  and  shining. 

1.  M.  violacea  Rydb.  (M.  stenopetala  Piper;  Ozomelis 
violacea  Rydb.)  Rhizome  short  and  thick.  Leaves  all  basal; 
large  and  leathery;  blades  round-cordate,  the  crenate  margins 
ciliate;  obscurely  round-lobed;  under  surface  reddish;  petioles 
2-4  inches  long.  Flowers  nearly  sessile,  borne  on  one  side 
of  the  raceme.  Sepals  whitish.  Petals  1%  times  the  length 
of  sepals;  3-cleft,  filiform  or  entire.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas 
entire.  In  shaded  places  in  rich,  moist  soil  near  mountain 
streams. 


40  SPRING  FLORA 


3.  TEL.L.IMA.  (Includes  Lithophragma.)  Star-Flower. 
Slender,  erect  herbs,  perennial  from  a  cluster  of  pink-tinged 
bulblets.  Leaves  round-cordate  in  outline.  Inflorescence  a 
slender  terminal  raceme  or  spike.  Sepals  5;  petals  5,  clawed; 
white  or  rose-color.  Stamens  10,  included.  Styles  2-3,  short. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae. 

Ovary  free   (except  at  base)    from   the  bell-shaped  calyx- 
tube. 

Stem-leaves    seldom    bulb-bearing    in    the    axils;    sti- 
pules long-  and   narrow,   not  fringed....    1.  T.  teuella 
Stem-leaves    usually    bulb-bearing    in    the    axils;    sti- 
pules short,  broad  and  fringed 2.  T.  bulbifera 

Ovary    adnate    for    half     its     length     to     the     elongated- 

obconical   calyx-tube 3.   T.  parviflora 

1.  T.    teuella     (Nutt.)     Walp.       (L.    australis    Rydb.)       Stems 
4-8    inches    high,    glandular-puberulent.      Leaves    3-5-cleft,    the 
segments  again  cleft.     Flowers  3-12.     Petals  3-7-cleft  or  parted. 
Seeds    smooth.      Rich    soil    of    mountain    sides.      April-June. 

2.  T.   bulbifera    (Rydb.)    A.    Nels.      (T.    tenella    S.    Wats.;    L. 
bulbifera  Rydb.)      Stem  4-8  inches  high,  abundantly  glandular- 
puberulent.     Leaves   divided  to  or  near  the   base,   the  segments 
wedge-shaped    or    obovate,    3-cleft.      Flowers    3-6,    some    or    all 
replaced    by    red    bulblets;    the    pedicels    longer   than    the    frxiit. 
Petals  3-5-cleft.     Seeds  muricate.     In  rich  black  loam  of  moun- 
tain   sides.      March -July. 

3.  T.  parviflora  Hook.      (L.  parviflora   (Hook.)   Nutt.)      Plant 
rarely   producing   bulblets   among    the    flowers    or   in    the   axils 
of    the    leaves.      Stem    4-12    inches    high,    scape-like,    glandular- 
puberulent.     Leaves  palmately   divided   into   3-5-cleft  or   parted 
segments.      Petals    deeply    3-5-cleft    into    narrow   segments.      In 
rich     moist    soil    of    mountain    sides,     usually     in     light    shade. 
April-June. 

4.      RIBES.      Gooseberry;    Currant. 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  palmately-veined  and  palmately- 
lobed  leaves.  Inflorescence  solitary  or  racemose.  Calyx 
5-lobed;  often  colored  and  usually  reflexed.  Petals  5,  erect; 
smaller  than  the  calyxrlobes.  Styles  2;  distinct  or  united. 
Ovary  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  smooth  or 
prickly  berry,  often  with  the  remains  of  the  withered  'flower 
at  its  apex. 

Stems    usually    armed    with    spines    and    sometimes    with 

prickles    1.  R.  saxosum 

Stems    neither   thorny   nor   prickly. 

Blowers  yellow;  spicy-fragrant 2.  R.  aureum 

Flowers  white,  pink  or  greenish;  not  spicy-fragrant. 

Calyx-tube  not  cylindrical 3.  R.  Hudsonianum 

Calyx-tube    cylindrical. 

Leaves  small;  berries  red  or  orange.  <  .   4.  R.  cereum 
Leaves  large;  berry  black 5.  R.  viscosissimum 

1.  R.  saxosum  Hook.  (R.  inerme  Rydb.;  R.  vallicola  Greene; 
R.  oxj^acanthoides  irriguum  Jancz.)  Mountain  Gooseberry.  A 
bush  with  grayish,  glabrous  branches  usually  without  bristles; 
spines  at  the  nodes  few  or  sometimes  wanting.  Leaves  rather 
thin;  averaging  iy2  inches  in  diameter;  rounded  in  outline, 
with  the  base  cordate,  truncate  or  rarely  obtuse;  3-5-lobed, 
the  lobes  crenate.  Peduncles  1-4-flowered.  Calyx  shorter 
than  the  hypanthium;  its  lobes  greenish  or  sometimes  pur- 
plish. Petals  white  or  pinkish,  about  a  third  as  long  as  the 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  41 


sepals.  Stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  petals  and  shorter  than 
sepals.  Berry  smooth  and  green,  becoming  wine-colored  when 
fully  ripe.  Along  mountain  streams.  April-June. 

2.  R.   an  re  11  in   Pursh.      Missouri,    Golden    or   Buffalo   Currant. 
Stem    5-12    ft.    high ;  'smooth    and    thornless.      Leaves    fascicled, 
3-5-lobed,    the    upper    lobe     wedge-shaped.       Flowers    in    leafy 
racemes:  yellow  (or  the  petals  tinged  with  red).     Berry  smooth; 
edible;    either    black    or    amber-colored    when    ripe.      Cultivated 
and    along   streams.      April-June. 

3.  R.  Hmlsonianum  Richards.      (R.   petiolare  Dougl.)      Stems 
light-colored,  erect,  3-6  ft.  high.     Leaves  thin,  rather  large,  on 
slender  petioles;  round-cordate  and   5-lobed   (resembling  maple- 
leaves)  ;   resinous-dotted  on   the  under  surface.     Racemes  erect. 
Flowers    whitish.      Ovary    with    sessile    glands.    .  Berry    black; 
globose;  glandular.     Strongly  and  unpleasantly  scented.     Along 
mountain   streams.      May. 

4.  R.  cereum  Dougl.     Mountain  Red  Currant.     A  small  thorn- 
less,  scraggly  bush,  usually  resinous-dotted  and  glutinous.  Bark 
grayish -tinged  or  sometimes  dark-brown.     Leaves  small   (aver- 
aging  %    inch  in   diameter);   round-kidney-shaped  with   crenate 
margins.      Racemes    short,    umbel-like,    more    or    less    drooping, 
few-flowered.       Calyx     pinkish     or    sometimes     waxy-white     or 
greenish ;   its  tube  long-cylindric,  much   longer  than   the  berry. 
Fruit    insipid,    often     glandular-pubescent.       Among    rocks     on 
exposed    mountain-sides.      May-July.       5,000-11.000    ft. 

5.  R.  viscosissimum  Pursh.     Stem  3-5  ft.  high;  with   reddish, 
shreddy    bark.       Leaves    large,    viscid-pubescent;    heart-shaped 
with   rounded   lobes.     Inflorescence  a   few-flowered,   corymbose, 
ascending     raceme;     conspicuously     bracted.       Calyx-tube     pro- 
longed   above    the    ovary.      Flowers    dull-white    or    greenish    or 
purplish-tinged.      Berries    black;    glandular;    without    a    bloom. 
Mountain   slopes. 

ROSACE-ffi.     Rose  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  or  fascicled 
usually  stipulate  leaves.  .Flowers  perfect,  regular,  often 
showy;  usually  with  many  distinct  stamens  borne  on 
the  5-sepaled  calyx.  Petals  borne  on  calyx;  as  many 
as  the  sepals.  Carpels  1-many;  distinct  or  united. 

Ovary    "superior"    or    half-"inferior." 
Carpel    1;    shrubs    or    small    trees. 

Petals  none;   calyx  petal-like 1.  Cercocarpus 

Petals    evident;    calyx    green. 

Leaves       fascicled,       evergreen;        fruit       an 

achene    2.   Pursliiu 

Leaves    alternate,    deciduous;    fruit    a 

drupe    3.    Primus 

Carpels   more   than    one. 

Shrubs    or    small    trees. 

Leaves      small,      leathery,      fascicled,      eyer- 

green    4.    Cownnin 

Leaves    larger,    not    leathery;    alternate,    de- 
ciduous. 


42  SPRING  FLORA 


Pistils   1-5,   becoming  follicles   in 

fruit    5.    Physocarpiis 

Pistils    numerous,    becoming    aggregated 

drupelets    6.   Rubiis 

Herbs. 

Styles   deciduous;   neither   jointed   nor    elong- 
ating  in   fruit. 
Leaves       palmately       3-foliate;       flowers 

white    7,    Fragrariu 

Leaves  pinnate;  flowers  yellow  or  cream- 
color    8.   Poteiitilla 

Styles    persistent;    jointed   and    elongating    in 

fruit    9.    Ceum 

Ovary   wholly    "inferior."      (Shrubs   or   small   trees.) 

Pistils    several,    simple,    included    in    the    urn-shaped 

receptacle;  leaves  pinnate 10.  Rosa 

Pistil    1,    compound,   with    2-5    cells    (as   many   as    the 
styles) ;   leaves   simple. 

.     Flowers   racemose;   fruit  juicy 11.    Amelanchier 

Flowers  corymbose;  fruit  rather  dry 12.  Crataegus 

1.  CERCOCARPUS.     Mountain  Mahogany. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple;  entire  or  toothed;  evergreen; 
leathery.  Flowers  from  winter-buds;  small;  solitary  or  fas- 
cicled in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  without  bractlets: 
colored  like  a  corolla.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  15-25,  inserted 
in  2-3  rows  on  calyx-tube.  Carpel  included,  ripening  into  an 
achene,  the  persistent  style  becoming  much  lengthened  and 
villous. 

1.  C.  I  (Milfoil  us  Nutt.  6-15  ft.  high.  Leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate; glabrous,  smooth  and  shining  above  but  more  or  less 
tomentose  below;  margins  entire,  rolled  under.  Flowers  ses- 
sile, tomentose.  The  persistent  style  becomes  spirally  twisted 
and  from  2  to  3  inches  long  in  fruit.  On  mountain  sides, 
7,000-9,000  ft.  April-June. 

la.  C.  ledifolium  intricatus  (Wats.)  Jones.  (C.  intricatus 
Wats.)  A  low,  intricately-branched  shrub,  seldom  more  than 
3  ft.  high,  with  linear  leaves  and  smaller  flowers  and  fruits 
than  the  type. 

2.  PURSHIA.      (Kunzia.)      Antelope  Brush. 

Shrubs  similar  to  Cowania,  but  differing  as  follows:  The 
wedge-shaped  leaves  have  a  3-5-lobed  apex  and  entire  sides; 
petals  drop  off  more  quickly;  stamens  in  1  row;  carpel  I  or 
sometimes  2,  the  fruiting  styles  not  plumose  and  not  more 
than  %  inch  long;  body  of  achene  exserted. 

1.  P.  tridentata  DC.  Buck  Brush;  Bitter  Brush.  Seldom 
more  than  6  ft.  high.  Bark  brown  or  grayish.  Carpels  pu- 
bescent. Dry  plains  and  mountain  sides,  4,600-6,500  ft.  May- 
June. 

3.      PRTJNTJS.      Cherry;    Plum. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  and  usually  serrulate 
leaves  which  bear  free  and  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  white; 
fascicled  in  the  axils,  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft; 
deciduous.  Petals  5.  spreading.  Stamens  15-25.  Carpel  1 
(rarely  5),  ripening  into  a  drupe.  Ovules  2, 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  43 


1.  1*.  demissa  Walpers.  (P.  melanocarpa  Rydb.)  Wild 
Cherry;  Choke  Cherry.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  10-16  ft.  high. 
Leaves  finely  serrate  with  the  teeth  incurved  or  appressed; 
smooth  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides;  petioles  without  glands. 
Racemes  compact;  erect  or  ascending.  Flowers  rather 
fragrant.  Fruit  red  when  immature,  black  when  fully  ripe. 
Along  streams.  May-June. 


4.     COWANIA.     Cliff  Rose. 

Much-branched  scrubby  shrubs  with  shreddy  bark.  Leaves 
fascicled,  leathery,  glandular-dotted,  wedge-shaped,  persistent 
throughout  the  winter.  Flowers  solitary  and  terminal  on 
short,  lateral  branches;  short-peduncled.  Petals  5;  yellow  or 
cream-colored.  Stamens  numerous,  in  2  rows.  Carpels  5-12; 
their  fruiting  styles  1-2  inches  long,  plumose  with  long  hairs. 
Fruit  an  achene. 

1.  C.  Mexicana  Don.  Shrub  1-8  ft.  high.  Leaves  dark-green 
above,  white-tomentose  beneath;  y2  inch  long  or  less;  apex 
pinnately  1-3-lobed  or  parted  and  margins  2-4-divided.  Sti- 
pules persistent.  Calyx-tube  narrowed  into  a  short  glandular- 
hairy  pedicel.  Body  of  the  3-sided  achene  nearly  included 
within  the  dilated  calyx-tube.  Mountain-sides.  May-June. 


5.      PHYSOCAIiPUS.      (Opulaster.)      Nine-Bark. 

Bushy  unarmed  shrubs,  2-6  ft.  high,  with  grayish  or  red- 
dish-brown shreddy  bark.  Leaves  simple,  palrnately  lobed  with 
large,  deciduous  stipules.  Inflorescence  corymbose.  Flowers 
white,  showy,  fragrant.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla 
regular,  of  5  obovate  petals.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  1-5 
(mostly  3),  more  or  less  united  toward  the  base;  ripening  into 
2-seeded  follicles  that  dehisce  along  both  sutures. 

1.  P.  pauciflorus  (T.  &  G.)  Piper.  (P.  malvaceus  (Greene) 
A.  Nels. ;  Spiraea  opulifolia  pauciflora  T.  &  G.;  O.  pauciflorus 
(T.  &  G.)  Heller.)  3-6  ft.  high;  with  rounded,  3-lobed  leaves, 
which  are  stellate-pubescent  on  lower  surface  near  the  base. 
Carpels  2;  pubescent;  not  longer  than  calyx.  Mountain-sides 
in  rich  soil.  June-July. 


6.     RUBUS.     Raspberry;   Blackberry;   Bramble. 

Erect  or  climbing  perennial  shrubs  (or  a  few  species  herbs), 
often  armed  with  curved  prickles.  Leaves  alternate;  simple 
and  palmately-lobed  or  compound;  with  stipules  adnate  to  the 
petiole.  Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious.  Calyx  without 
bracts;  persistent,  deeply  5-parted.  Petals  deciduous.  Stamens 
numerous;  distinct.  Carpels  numerous,  on  a  convex  or  a  nar- 
row and  elongated  cylindrical  receptacle;  becoming  in  fruit 
an  aggregation  of  small  stone-fruits. 

Unarmed;  leaves  simple • 1.  R.  parviflorus 

Armed  with  hooks  or   bristles;   leaves  compound. 

Sepals^  as  long  as  petals;  fruit  red 2.  R.  Idaeut* 

Sepal's     usually     longer     than     petals;     fruit     usually 

black    .  3.    R.   leucodermlM 


44  SPRING  FLORA 


1.  R.  parviflorus  Nutt.      (R,  Nutkanus  Moc.;  Bossekia  parvi- 
flora  (Nutt.)  Greene.)     Salmon  or  Thimble  Berry.     Stems  peren- 
nial;   erect,   3-8   ft.   high.      .Leaves   palmately    5-lobed,   the   lobes 
nearly  equal;   4-12   inches   broad;   with   glandular  hairs  beneath 
on    veins   and   on   petioles.      Inflorescence    corymbose.      Flowers 
few,    showy    (1    inch    or    more    across);    white    (or    occasionally 
pink-tinged).      Calyx    and    carpels    densely    tomentose.      Lobes 
of      calyx      long-acuminate,      ascending.        Fruit      red,      oblate- 
spheroidal;  dry  and  not  sweet  enough  to  be  palatable.     In  rich 
soil   along   streams.      May-August. 

2.  R.    Idaeus    gracillipcs    Jones.      (R.    strigosus    of    Coulter's 
Man. — not   R.    strigosus    Michx.)      Wild    Red    ilaspberry.      Sterns 
biennial,  shrubby,  erect  and  branching,   2-6  ft.  high;  not  glau- 
cous;   densely    covered    with    weak    glandular    bristles,    mixed 
with  hooked  prickles  on  the  older  ones.     Leaves  pinnately  3-5- 
foliate;     the    leaflets    cut-serrate,     whitish-tomentose     beneath, 
the  lateral   ones   sessile.     Flowers   white;   axillary   or   terminal, 
with     petals    as    long    as    the    sepals.       Fruit    light-red;     very 
palatable;   elongated-hemispheric   in  shape.     In  clefts   of  rocks. 
May-July. 

3.  R.  leucodermis  Dougl.     Blackcap;  Wild  Black   Raspberry. 
Stems    biennial;    glaucous,    erect,    long    and    straggling;    armed 
with    strong,    recurved    prickles.      Leaves    3-foliate    or    pedately 
5-foliate;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  sometimes  ovate-lanceolate; 
incised   and    serrate;    sparingly   pubescent    above,    white-tomen- 
tose    and    glaucous    beneath;    the    lateral    ones    nearly    sessile. 
Inflorescence   terminal   and   axillary;   few-flowered;    corymbose. 
Sepals   long-acuminate,    slightly   longer   than   the    white   petals. 
Fruit    with    a    white    bloom;    black    or    sometimes    red;    very 
palatable.      In    mountain    valleys,    usually    at    lower    elevations 
than   No.    2. 


7.     FRAGRARIA.     Strawberry. 

V 

Herbs,  perennial  from  a  scaly  erect  rootstalk.  Leaves 
ternate;  all  basal.  Flowers  white  9r  rarely  pink.  Stamens 
about  20,  in  3  series.  Receptacle  conic  or  hemispheric,  becom- 
ing red,  juicy  and  much  enlarged  in  fruit. 

Pubescence  spreading  or  reflexed;   achenes  on  surface  of 

fruit   (not  in  pits) 1.  F.  bracteata 

Pubescence  appressed;  achenes  set  in  pits 2.  F.  glauca 

1.  F.    bracteata    Heller.       (F.    vesca    americana    Porter;    F. 
americana    (Porter)    Britton.)      Rootstalk    very    short.      Leaves 
slightly   silky   above,    becoming  glabrate   in   age;    leaflets    thin, 
pale-green,    rhombic-obovate,    subsessile.      Scape    usually    with 
a    leafy    bract.      Flowers    white,    rather    large.      Calyx    in    fruit 
ascending  or  spreading.     Fruit  ovoid  or  subconic.     Rich  soil  in 
light  shade  along  streams.     June-July. 

2.  F.  glauca   (S.  Wats.)   Rydb.      (F.  ovalis  glauca   (Wats.)   A. 
Nels. ;    F.    virginiana    glauca    Wats.)      Rootstalk    short.      Leaves 
glaucous  and  almost  glabrous  above,  silky  or  becoming  glabrate 
below;    leaflets   thin,    broadly   obovate,    with    evident   petiolules. 
Scape  rarely  with  a  leafy  bract.     Flowers  white,   smaller  than 
those    of    No.     1.       Fruit    subglobose,     rather    sour.       Mountain 
meadows. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  45 


8.     POTENTIL.LA.     (Includes  Drymocallis.)     Cinque-foil. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  compound;  alternate  or 
opposite.  Inflorescence  cymose  (or  in  some  species  solitary). 
Flowers  yellow,  cream-color  or  white,  with  a  deeply  5-cleft 
calyx,  5  obcordate  or  broadly  obovate  deciduous  petals,  numer- 
ous stamens,  and  numerous  carpels  that  ripen  into  achenes. 
Styles  deciduous.  Receptacle  usually  pubescent  or  hairy. 

Leaves   pinnate;   style   lateral. 

Flowers  pale  yellow 1.  P.  glandulosa 

Flowers  white  or  cream-color 2.  P.  micropetala 

Leaves  digitately   5-7-foliate;   styles  terminal....    3.  P.   grracilis 

1.  P.    glandulosa    Lind.      Stem    erect;    viscid    and    glandular- 
hairy,    irregularly    branched   above;    1-2    ft.    high.      Leaves   pin- 
nate; leaflets  opposite,  7-9;  obovate.     Sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate 
with   acute   or  rarely  acuminate  apex.      Petals  about  length   of 
sepals;    round    or    nearly    so.      Moist    mountain    valleys.      May- 
July. 

2.  P.  micropetala   (Rydb.)      (Drymocallis  micropetala  Rydb.) 
Differing    from    No.    1    in    the    smaller    flowers    of    a    different 
color. 

3.  P.   gracilis   Dougl.      Stems   usually   several,    more   or   less 
branched;   silky-villous.     Leaflets  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  ob- 
ovate;   green    and    sparingly    pubescent    above,    densely    white- 
tomentose    below.       Flowers    bright    yellow,    with     emarginate 
petals.      (Includes   P.    Blaschkeana   Turcz.;    P.    fastigiata   Nutt. ; 
P.    filipes    Rydb.;    P.    pulcherrima    Lehm.) 


9.      GEUM.     Avens. 

Perennial  herbs  with  pinnate  or  lyrate  leaves.  Calyx  deeply 
5-cleft,  usually  with  5  bractlets  alternating  with  its  lobes. 
Petals  5.  Stamens  and  carpels  numerous.  Styles  becoming 
elongated  and  sometimes  plumose  in  fruit;  often  jointed;  per- 
sistent on  the  dry  receptacle. 

1.  G.  macropliyllum  Willd.  (G.  oregonense  Rydb.)  Bristly- 
hairy,  stout,  1-3  ft.  high.  Basal  leaves  lyrately  and  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  very  much  larger  than 
the  2-4  lateral  ones.  Petals  yellow.  Rich  soil  in  moist  places. 
May-July. 


10.     ROSA.     Wild  Rose. 

Bushy  or  climbing  shrubs  armed  with  thorns  and  prickles. 
Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  adnate  stipules.  Inflorescence  soli- 
tary or  corymbose.  Flowers  large  and  fragrant;  white,  pink 
or  red  (rarely  yellow).  Calyx-lobes  5;  petals  5;  stamens 
numerous,  all  borne  around  the  edges  of  the  globose  or  urn- 
shaped  receptacle.  Carpels  numerous,  enclosed  in  the  re- 
ceptacle. Ovaries  hairy.  Fruit  consists  of  the  enlarged 
receptacle  (colored  red),  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx,  and 
enclosing  the  achenes. 

Outer  sepa\p  laterally  lobed 1.  R.  Woodsil 

Outer  sepals  entire 2.  R.  Nutknna 


46  SPRING  FLORA 


1.  R.   Woodsii   Lindl.      Stems    mostly    low,    8-40    inches    high. 
Leaflets    5-7,    oblong-   or    lanceolate    to    obovate.      Flowers    pink; 
l%-2  inches  across;  solitary  or  corymbose.     Fruit  globose  with 
a    short    neck.       (Includes    H.    Maximilian!!    Nees — a    form    with 
somewhat    curved    spines   and    leaflets    pubescent    beneath;    and 
R.    Macounii    Greene,    with    straight    or    nearly    straight    spines 
and    leaflets    glabrous   or   nearly   so.) 

2.  R.  A 11  Ik  aim  Presl.     Stems  stout,   1-6  ft.  high.     Leaflets  5-7 
(rarely    y).      Flowers    large,    2-3    inches   across;    solitary    or    2-3 
in  a  corymb.     Fruit  globose,  not  contracted  above  into  a  neck. 
(Includes    R.    melina   Greene,    a    form    with    slender    spines    and 
mostly  glabrous  leaves;   and  R.   grosse-serrata  E.   Nelson,   with 
short    spines    and    minutely    resinous-dotted,    finely    pubescent 
leaves.) 


11.     AMELANCHIER.     June  Berry;   Shad  Bush. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple,  serrate  leaves.  Flowers 
in  racemes;  white  (rarely  tinged  with  pink).  Calyx-tube  bell- 
shaped,  the  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Stamens  about  20,  short. 
Pistil  1;  styles  5,  united  below;  ovary  partly  or  entirely  "in- 
ferior," 5-celled,  but  becoming  10-celled  in  fruit.  Fruit  a 
berry-like  pome;  globose,  purplish,  edible. 

1.  A.  aliiifolia  Nutt.  Service  Berry.  Shrub  3-15  ft.  high. 
Leaves  elliptical;  usually  entire  except  at  and  near  apex, 
where  they  are  serrate.  Raceme  short,  dense.  Petals  nar- 
rowly oblong.  In  dry  soil  on  hillsides.  May. 


12.      CRATAEGUS.     Hawthorn. 

Thorny-branched  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  and 
toothed  or  lobed  leaves.  Inflorescence  terminal,  corymbose. 
Calyx  with  a  cup-shaped  tube  and  a  5-parted  limb.  Petals  5; 
white  or  pink;  spreading;  fragrant.  Stamens  5-20.  Ovary 
2-5-celled,  "inferior."  Fruit  a  drupe,  containing  2-5  bony 
1-seeded  carpels. 

1.  C.  rivularis  Nutt.  Shrub  9-14  ft.  high,  with  slender  red- 
dish branchlets.  Thorns  few,  stout,  slightly  curved,  '2l/z  in- 
long  or  less.  Leaves  rigid,  lanceolate-ovate;  serrate;  often 
cuneate.  Petals  white.  Stamens  10;  styles  5.  Fruit  very  dark- 
red  to  black.  On  river  banks.  May. 


LEGUMINOS-flE.     Pulse  Family. 

,  Trees,  shrubs  or  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  some 
species  climbing.  Leaves  alternate;  compound  or 
sometimes  simple ;  stipulate.  Inflorescence  various. 
Flowers  papilionaceous  or  sometimes  regular;  perfect 
or  rarely  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx-lobes  4-5;  equal 
or  unequal.  Stamens  diadelphous,  monadelphous  or 
rarely  separate;  usually  10  (sometimes  9  or  only  5). 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  47 

Pistil  1;  ovary  1-celled  with  a  single  parietal  placenta. 
Fruit  a  legume  or  rarely  a  loment. 

Flowers  regular;   thorny  trees 1.  Gleditsla 

Flowers   irregular. 

Leaves  simple 8.  Astragalus 

Leaves    palmately    compound. 

'Stamens  monadelphous;   leaflets   5-11 2.   Lupinus 

Stamens  diadelphous;  leaflets  normally  3..   3.  Trifolium 
Leaves    pinnately-compound. 
Leaflets   3. 

Flowers  blue  or  purple 4.  Medlcago 

Flowers  white 5.  Melilotus 

Leaflets   more   than   3. 
Leaves    odd-pinnate. 

Trees    6.   Roblnla 

Herbs. 

Foliage     not     glandular-dotted;     pod 

not    hooked. 
Keel      longest,      wings     shortest; 

fruit  a  loment.  ...    7.   Hedysarum 
Standard    longest,    keel    shortest 
or     at     least     not     longer 
than        wings;        fruit        a 

legume    8.    Astragalus 

Foliage  glandular-dotted;   fruit  a  pod 

with  hooked  prickles..  9.  Glycyrrhlza 
Leaves  tendril-pinnate. 

Style      slender;      hairy      only      near      the 

stigma    10.    Vlcia 

Style     flattened;      hairy      on      the      inner 

side    11.    Lathyrus 

].      GL.EDITSIA.      (Gleditschia.)      Honey  Locust. 

Large  thorny  trees.  Leaves  large;  abruptly  once  or  twice 
pinnately-compound.  Inflorescence  axillary;  racemose.  Flowers 
polygamous;  greenish;  regular  or  nearly  so;  inconspicuous. 
Calyx  short;  3-cleft.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals;  perigynous; 
the  two  lower  slometimes  united.  Stamens  3-10,  distinct; 
perigynous.  Fruit  a  dark-brown,  flat,  somewhat  curved 
legume;  1-many  seeded. 

1.  G.  triaoanthos  L,.  A  tree  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of 
140  ft.;  bark  of  trunk  rather  rough,  that  of  branches  smooth. 
Thorns  branched  or  simple.  Leaves  petioled;  fascicled  and 
once-pinnate  on  the  old  growth,  and  alternate  (%)  and  bi- 
pinnate  on  the  season's  growth.  Inflorescence  in  spicate, 
drooping  racemes,  on  growth  of  preceding  year.  Fruit  strap- 
shaped,  many-seeded;  twisted  when  mature;  1-1%  ft.  long; 
with  a  sweet,  greenish  pulp  between  the  seeds.  May-July. 
Cultivated. 


2.     I.UP1NUS.     Lupine;  Quaker-Bonnets. 

Herbs.  Leaflets  entire.  Inflorescence  terminal;  racemose 
or  spicate.  Flowers  showy,  bracteate.  Calyx  deeply  2-lipped. 
Wings  united  above,  enclosing  the  keel;  sides  of  standard 
reflexed.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous;  with  anthers  of  2  forms 
(round  and^  oblong).  Style  incurved;  stigma  bearded.  Ovary 
sessile.  Legume  flattened,  leathery. 


48  SPRING  FLORA 


1.  Li.  laxiflorus  Dougl.  A  perennial  with  erect  or  ascending- 
slender  stems,  several  from  the  same  root;  pubescence  short- 
silky.  Leaflets  6-8,  oblanceolate.  Flowers  of  varying  shades 
of  blue,  in  loose  and  slender  racemes.  Calyx  saccate  at  base. 
Legume  silk-hairy;  seeds  3-5.  On  dry  gravelly  hills.  May- 
June. 

3.     TRIFOLIUM.     Clover. 

Tufted  herbs  of  various  habit.  Leaves  palmately  (sometimes 
pinnately)  mostly  3-foliate.  Inflorescence  capitate.  Flowers 
usually  rather  small.  Petals  persistent,  adherent  to  the  sta- 
men-tube. Stamens  diadelphous,  or  monadelp'hous  at  base. 
Legume  membranous,  1-6-seeded. 

Heads    on    axillary    peduncles. 

Stems  procumbent  and  creeping;  stipules  acute  1.  T.  repens 
Stems  erect  or  ascending;  stipules  acuminate  2.  T.  hybrldum 

Heads  on   terminal  peduncles. 

Flowers  red  or  pink;  stipules  bristle-pointed  3.  T.  pratense 
Flowers  whitish;  stipules  not  bristle-pointed  4.  T.  longipes 

1.  1*.  repens  L.     White  or  Dutch  Clover.     A  smooth  perennial, 
rooting  at  the   nodes.      Leaflets   often    with   a   pale   crescent  on 
upper    surface;    inversely    heart-shaped    or    merely    notched    at 
apex;    obscurely    toothed;    stipules    narrow,    scale-like;    petioles 
long  and  slender.      Heads  loose,  borne   on  very  long  peduncles. 
Flowers   white    or   rose-tinged,    on    rather   short   pedicels.      Cul- 
tivated and  along1  stream-banks  as  an  escape.     May-August. 

2.  T  hybridum  L.      Alsike  Clover.      A  smooth   perennial   with 
stems  not  rooting  at  the  nodes.      Leaflets   without  a  pale   spot 
on   upper   surface;    obovate   and   sometimes   slightly    notched   at 
the  apex  but  not  inversely  heart-shaped;   serrulate  with  sharp- 
pointed     teeth;     stipules     lanceolate-ovate;     petioles     long     and 
slender.      Heads    as    in    No.    1.      Flowers    rose-tinged,    on    short 
pedicels.      Cultivated;    sometimes    escaping.      May-October. 

3.  T.   pr»teii.se   L.      Red  Clover.     A  hairy  perennial   with   as- 
cending   stems.      Leaflets    elliptical    or    obovate,    often    notched 
at  apex  and  marked  on  upper  surface  by  a  pale   spot;   stipules 
broad.       Heads     ovoid.        Flowers     sessile.       Calyx     soft-hairy. 
Cultivated  and   sometimes  escaping*. 

4.  T.    longipes    Nutt.       A    perennial    with    a    slender,     erect, 
usually    glabrous    stem.      Leaflets    sparingly    villous;    linear    to 
narrowly   oblong,   serrulate.      Heads   ovoid.     Flowers   yellowish - 
white     or.     purple-tinged;     sessile     or     nearly     so.       Calyx-teeth 
straight,    shorter    than    the    corolla;    more    or    less    hairy.      In 
wet  alpine   meadows.      May-June. 


4.      MEDICAGO.      Medick. 

Herbs  with  pinnately  3-foliate  leaves  having  minutely- 
toothed  leaflets.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Flowers  small. 
Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  deciduous.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9 
and  1.  Pod  1-several-seeded;  more  or  less  coiled. 

Erect  perennial;  flowers  blue  or  purple 1.  M.  saliva 

Procumbent  annual;  flowers  bright  yellow 2.  M.  lupulina 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  49 


1.  M.  saliva  L.     Lucerne.     Alfalfa.     A  smooth,  many-stemmed 
perennial    from   a    deep    tap-root.      Flowers    in    a   loose    raceme. 
Legume   coiled   like  a  ram's   horn.      Cultivated. 

2.  M.   lupiilina   L.      Black   Medick.      Nonesuch.      A   pubescent 
annual  with  flowers  in  short  dense  heads.     Pods  kidney-shaped; 
1-seeded;  black  when  ripe.     Escaping  from  cultivation.     Locally 
called   "Wild  Yellow  Clover."     April-November. 


5.     MELILOTUS.     Sweet  Clover. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  fragrant  in  drying,  with  pin- 
nately-compound  leaves  of  3-toothed  leaflets.  Inflorescence  a 
spike-like  raceme.  Flowers  small;  white  or  yellow;  very 
fragrant.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  deciduous.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous. Legume  ovoid;  leathery;  scarcely  dehiscent;  straight; 
wrinkled. 

1.  M.  alba  L.  White  Sweet  Clover.  Stems  erect;  3-6  ft.  high. 
Leaflets  truncate.  Corolla  white;  the  standard  longer  than  the 
other  petals.  Abundant  along  roadsides.  May -October. 


6.      ROBINIA.      Black    Locust. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  9  or  more  sti- 
pellate  leaflets.  Stipules  often  short,  stout  spines.  Flowers 
showy,  in  drooping,  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  short,  very 
slightly  2-lipped,  the  2  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  somewhat  united. 
Standard  large,  reflexed.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Leg-ume  flat, 
straight. 

1.  R.  Pscmlo-Acacia  L.  A  tree  as  much  as  80  ft.  high  with 
rough -barked  trunk.  Flowers  very  fragrant,  in  loose  racemes. 
Calyx  often  reddish.  Corolla  white,  yellowish -veined.  Legume 
smooth.  Cultivated.  May-June. 


7.     HEDYSARUM. 

Perennial  herbs  with  showy  flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx 
5-cleft.  Keel  longer  than  wings.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9 
and  1).  Legume  flat,  jointed  into  several  strongly-veined  1- 
seeded  roundish  divisions,  separating  when  ripe  into  loments. 

1.  H.  pabulare  A.  Nels.  (H.  utahense  Rydb.)  Many-stemmed 
from  a  rootstalk.  Stems  8-15  inches  high,  pubescent  with  short 
and  stiff  appressed  hairs.  Leaflets  9-17,  usually  elliptic. 
Bracts  scarious;  lanceolate  to  ovate.  Calyx-teeth  subulate, 
with  appressed  pubescence.  Corolla  rose-purple,  fading  to 
blue;  the  obovate  standard  conspicuously  veined.  Joints  of 
loment  3-5.  Dry  plains  and  hillsides.  May-June.  4,500- 
6,500  ft. 


8.     ASTRAGALUS.     Milk  Vetch;  Rattle  weed;  Loco  Weed. 

Perennial  herbs  with  odd-pinnate  (or  rarely  simple)  leaves. 
Inflorescentf'e  in  spikes  or  racemes,  often  resembling-  heads. 
Flowers  large,  often  showy.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Petals 


50  SPRING  FLORA 


clawed.     Standard   relatively  narrow;   erect.      Keel    blunt.      Sta- 
mens   diadelphous    (9    and    1). 

Legume   1-celled,   neither  suture   intruded...    1.   A.   diversifolliis 

Legume    incompletely    2-celled    by    the    intrusion    of    1    or 
both   sutures. 

Legume  more  or  less  pubescent,  but  not  woolly. 
Leaves   glabrous   or   nearly   so. 

Legume      sessile;      flowers      purplish;      calyx 

black-strigose   2.  A.  cibarius 

Legume    stipitate;    flowers    yellowish;    calyx 

glabrous    3.   A.   Beckwithii 

Leaves    silky-pubescent 4.    A.    argophyllus 

Legume    decidedly    woolly-pubescent. 

Leaflets  oblong;  flowers  yellowish -white.  .   5.  A.  Purshii 
Leaflets  subrotund;  flowers  pink-purple  6.  A.  utahensis 
Legume   completely   2-celled. 

Legume   leathery;   not  inflated 8.   A.  agrestis 

Legume  papery;  conspicuously  inflated.  .  .    9.  A.  lentigrinosua 

1.  A.   diversifolius   A.    Gray.       (A.    junciformis    A.    Nelson;    A. 
junceus    A.    Gray.)      Pubescent    with    short   ashy    hairs.      Stems 
slender,    elongated,    diffuse;    weak    and    at    length    decumbent. 
Petioles    short;    flattened.      Leaflets    1-5,    linear    or    narrowly- 
lanceolate.      Peduncles    1-5-flowered.      Corolla    yellowish-white, 
the    keel     rather    faintly     purple-tipped.       Legume     cylindrical; 
oblong-linear,    straight    or    slightly    curved;    canescent-puberu- 
lent;    less    than    an    inch    long.      Dry    soil.      May-October. 

2.  A.  cibariua   (Jones)    Sheldon.      (A.  Webberi  cibarius  Jones.) 
Tidy  Tips;   Lady  Fingers;    "Wild   Sweet  Pea."      Stems   1   ft.   long 
or    less.       Leaflets    9-21,    narrowly    elliptical    to    nearly    round; 
obtuse    or    retuse.      Stipules    large,    erect,    persistent;    purplish- 
tinged.      Racemes    6-12    flowered;    capitate    at    first,    elongated 
in    fruit.      Standard    whitish    or   light   purple,    keel    dark    purple; 
wings     whitish,     purplish -tinged.       Legume     smooth,     leathery; 
twice    as    long   as    broad;    tipped    by    the   persistent    style.      Dry 
soil.      March-June. 


3.  A.  Beckwithii  T.  &  G.     Stems  1-2  ft.  long,  several  from  the 
same   root;    diffusely    spreading;    glabrous   or   nearly   so.      Leaf- 
lets   6-12    pairs,   broadly    elliptical,    y2    inch    long.      Inflorescence 
a  short,   loose  raceme  of  5-8   yellowish -white  flowers.     Legume 
about    1    inch    long,    slightly    curved;    often    blotched    with    red. 
In    dry   soil.      May-June. 

4.  A.   argophyllus   Nutt.      (A.   glareosus   Dougl.)      Depressed- 
caespitose;   villous-silky   with   white  hairs.     Stem  short.     Leaf- 
lets 11-15.    Flowers  3-6.    Corolla  narrow,  bright  violet.    Legume 
incurved:     silky-pubescent,     but     becoming     grabrate;     oblong- 
ovate.     Dry  gravelly  soil  or  rocky  places.     May-July. 

5.  A.  Purshii   Dougl.      Canescent   with    a   long,    dense,    woolly 
pubescence.       Stem    very    short.      Leaflets    9-17;     lanceolate    or 
oblong.        Flowers      yellowish-white,      the     keel      purple-tipped. 
Legume  leathery,  very  densely  white-woolly,  somewhat  curved. 
Dry  plains.      June-July. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  51 


6.  A.    utalieiisis    T.    &    G.      Sheep-pod;    Lady-slipper;    "Wild 
Sweet    Pea."      Herbage    soft-woolly,    tue    pubescence    appressed. 
Stems    short,    prostrate    from    a    stout,    perennial    root.      Leaves 
odd-pinnate.       Inflorescence    loosely     capitate.       Flowers    about 
an     inch     long.       Calyx     long-cylindric.       Corolla     pink-purple, 
fading  to  blue.     Legume  very  soft-woolly;   short,  leathery,  ses- 
sile.     In    dry,   gravelly    soil.      April-November. 

7.  A.    jig-rest  is    Dougl.       (A,    goniatus    Nutt. ;    A,    hypoglottis 
Auct.  Amer.,   not  L.)      Stems  slender,   procumbent  or  ascending, 
3-10      inches     high.        Leaflets      13-21,      oblong,      rather     thick. 
Peduncles    erect,    bearing   a   capitate    cluster    of    erect,   purplish 
flowers.     Calyx  loosely  pubescent  with   whitish  hairs.      Corolla 
violet    or    yellowish-purple.       Legume    sulcate    dorsally,    silky- 
villous  with  black  hairs.      In   wet  meadows.     May-June. 

8.  A.    lentiginosuH    Dougl.       Many-stemmed;     more    or    less 
hoary-pubescent    witn    appressed    hairs.      Stems    decumbent    or 
ascending,    4-15    incnes    long.      Leaflets    11-19,    obovate;    obtuse 
or    retuse.      Corolla    white    or    yellowish,    the    wings    and    keel 
often    purple-tipped.      Legume    ^-1    inch    long;    ovate;    slightly 
puberulent.       Rather     moist    places.       May-June.       Includes     A. 
aiphysus  A.   Gray  and  A.  ineptus  A,  Gray. 


9.      GL.YCYRRHIZA.      Wild  Licorice. 

Glandular-viscid  perennials  from  a  long,  sweet  tap-root. 
Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  minute  stipules.  Inflorescence  axil- 
lary; spicate,  on  long  peduncles.  Flowers  white  or  bluish. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  with  1-celled  anthers.  Legume 
1-celled,  almost  indehiscent,  densely  armed  with  hooks,  re- 
sembling a  miniature  cockle-bur. 

1.  G.  lepidotu  Nutt.  Stems  erect,  branching;  1-3  ft.  high. 
Leaflets  15-19.  Spike  erect,  short.  Pod  light-brown. 


10.     VICIA.     Vetch.      Wild  Pea. 

Climbing  or  trailing,  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  pin- 
nate leaves  terminated  by  a  tendril;  stipules  semi-sagittate. 
Inflorescence  axillary;  racemose  or  solitary.  Flowers  showy. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  or  monadelphous  at  base. 
Style  slender,  tipped  by  the  hairy  and  capitate  stigma.  Legunr.e 
flat;  dehiscent;  continuous  between  the  seeds. 

1.  V.  americana  Muhl.  Pea.  Vine.  Perennial,  2-3  ft.  long, 
glabrous  or  with  appressed  pubescence.  Leaflets  broadly 
elliptical,  with  obscure  veinlets.  Flowers  3-9,  in  loose  racemes; 
bluish -purple.  In  moist  shady  places,  near  streams.  May- 
August.  Not  common.  Usually  represented  by  the  var.  truit- 
cata  (Nutt.)  Brewer.  (V.  Oregana  Nutt.)  This  is  distinguished 
from  the  type  by  the  thicker,  strongly-veined  leayes,  which  are 
truncate  at^  the  apex  and  not  so  broadly  elliptical.  Stipules 
broadly  semi -sagittate.  The  common  form.  Both  forms  are 
locally  called  "Wild  Sweet  Pea." 


52  SPRING  FLORA 


11.      LATHYRUS.     Vetchling;   Everlasting-  Pea. 

Perennial  climbing  or  trailing  herbs.  Leaves  pinnate,  mostly 
terminated  by  tendrils.  Inflorescence  racemose.  Stamens  as 
in  Vicia.  Style  flattened;  hairy  along  the  side  next  to  the 
distinct  stamen. 

Tendrils   2  to   each  leaf. 

Leaflets  oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends 1.  L.  utaheusis 

Leaflets       narrowly        elliptical,        acute       at        both 

ends    2.  L.  leucanthus 

Tendrils        1        to        each        leaf        (sometimes        undevel- 
oped)         3.    It.   brachycalyx 

1.  L,.  utahensis  Jones.     Plant  smooth,   2-6   ft.   high.     Leaflets 
strongly    veined;     1-2    inches    long;    4-6    pairs;    stipules    leafy. 
Peduncles   4-8   inches   long,   bearing   4-6   white,   yellowish-white 
or  purplish  flowers  that  fade  to  blue  on  drying,  each  about   % 
inch    long.      Mountain    slopes.      May-July. 

2.  It.  leucanthus  Rydb.     Stem  winged  and  conspicuously  4-5- 
angled;  slender;  1-3  ft.  long.     Leaves  terminated  by  2  tendrils; 
leaflets  4-8;  veiny;  narrow  to   ovate-lanceolate.     Stipules  semi- 
sagittate.     Flowers  2-6,  in  loose  long-peduncled  racemes;  pink- 
purple  to   nearly  white.     Legume  flat;   sessile.     In   open   woods 
near   streams.      May-July. 

3.  L..  brachycalyx  Rydb.     Perennial  from  a  creeping  rhizome. 
Stem     unbranched     or     slightly     branched;     sharply     4-angled. 
Leaves  with  pubescent  semi-sagittate  stipules  and  a   somewhat 
winged   rhachis.      Leaflets    2-5    pairs,   strongly  veined.      Raceme 
short,  2-6  flowered.     Corolla  purple,  fading-  to  blue.     On  rather- 
dry   mountain   sides.      May-June. 


ORDER  GERANIAL.ES. 


GERANIACEJE.     Geranium  Family. 

Herbs  with  stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  regular,  with 
hypogynous  parts.  Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  10,  or  only  5  with  anthers.  Pistil  with  5  styles 
adnate  to  a  central  column  from  which  they  separate 
at  maturity.  Ovaries  2-ovuled,  but  each  maturing  a 
single  seed. 

Leaves   pinnately  divided 1.   Erodium 

Leaves  palmately  parted  or  cleft 2.  Geranium 


1.      ERODIUM.     Filaree;   Alfilaria;   Pin  Clover. 

Winter  annuals  (or  biennials)  from  a  tap-root,  with  jointed 
nodes  and  opposite  leaves.  Inflorescence  axillary;  umbellate. 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.  Fertile  stamens  5,  alternate 
with  the  5  sterile  ones,  which  consist  of  scale-like  filaments. 
Styles  bearded  inside;  in  fruit,  twisting  spirally  when  dry  and 
untwisting  when  moistened. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  53 


1.  E.  cieutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  Clocks;  Storksbill;  Pinkets.  At 
first  acaulescent,  the  leaves  forming  a  close  rosette  upon  the 
ground;  at  length  ascending;  villous-pubescent;  stems  red  or 
green.  Basal  and  lower  stem-leaves  petioled,  pinnate  with 
finely  pinnatifid  subsessile  divisions.  Pedicels  at  length  re- 
flexed,  but  the  fruit  remains  erect.  Flowers  4-8  in  a  4-bracted 
umbel.  Sepals  tipped  by  1-2  bristle-like  hairs.  Petals  pink- 
purple  with  darker  veins;  hairy  at  the  very  base.  An  abun- 
dant weed  of  waste  places.  January-December. 

2.      GERANIUM. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  forking  stems  and  swollen 
nodes.  Leaves  simple.  Inflorescence  axillary;  umbellate  or 
solitary.  Stamens  10;  all  with  perfect  anthers  and  in  2  sets 
as  to  length,  or  as  in  Erodium.  Carpels  5. 

Annual    with    weak    stems    and    small    flowers;    stamens 

5    1.   G.   piisi II ii in 

Perennials    with    stout    stems    and    showy    flowers;    sta- 
mens   10. 

Plant  more  or  less  tufted;  petals  pink-purple  2.  G.  Fremoutii 
Plant     scarcely     tufted     if     at     all;     petals     usually 

white 3.  G.  Richardson  ii 

1.  G.  imsillum  Burm.  f.     Cranesbill.     Stems  slender  and  weak; 
pubescent  or   villous;    4-18   inches   long.      Lea-ves   round   in    out- 
line with  a  heart-shaped  base;  deeply  divided  into  7-9  more  or 
less    wedge-shaped    lobes   that    are    entire    or    3-toothed    at    the 
apex.      Flowers    2    to    each    peduncle;    small;    pink-purple,    with 
notched    petals.      Anther-bearing    stamens    often    only    5    as    in 
Krodium.     In   waste   places;   not  common.     May-September. 

2.  G.  Fremontii  Torr.     (G.  nervosum  Rydb.)     Perennial  from 
a    branched    caudex.      Stems    tufted;    ascending    or    spreading; 
pubescence   more    or   less   glandular   above.      Leaves   large   and 
rather   thick;    those   from  the   caudex   long-petioled  and    7-cleft 
into    wedge-shaped    and    3-lobed    or    -incised    segments;    stem- 
leaves     deeply     3-5-cleft.       Pedicels     stout;     hirsute-glandular. 
Sepals    awn-tipped.      Petals   pink-purple,    with    darker   veins   of 
same    color;    reversely-heart-shaped.      Moist    ground    in    river- 
valleys  and   on   mountain   slopes.      June-August. 

3.  G.    Richardsonii    F.    &   M.       (G.    strigosum    Rydb.)      About 
same   size  as  No.   2;    perennial  from  an   unbranched   or   slightly 
branched    caudex.      Stems    single    or    few;    erect    or    ascending; 
nearly  glabrous  or  purplish  glandular-pubescent.     Leaves  large 
and   thin;   those  from  the   caudex   long-petioled   and    3-5-parted 
into    incised,    lobed    or    toothed    divisions.      Pedicels    glandular. 
Sepals  awn-tipped.     Petals  white    (or   sometimes  pink).     Moist 
shady   places   near    mountain   streams. 

LINAGES.    Flax  Family. 

Herbs  with  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  and 
exstipulate.  Inflorescence  a  raceme  or  a  corymbose  or 
panicled  cyme.  Flowers  perfect;  regular  and  usually 
symmetrical ;  the  parts  hypogynous.  Sepals  and  petals 
normally  3*  the  latter  usually  ephemeral.  Stamens 


54  SPRING  FLORA 

equalling  the  petals  in  number;  monadelphous  at  base. 
Pistil  of  5  (or  sometimes  2-3)  distinct  or  united  carpels, 
each  carpel  containing  1-2  ovules.  Fruit  a  capsule, 
which  is  as  many  celled  as  there  are  styles ;  each  cell 
being  partially  divided  into  2. 

1.      L.INUM.     Flax. 

Herbs  with  tough  fibers  in  the  bark,  and  sessile  leaves. 
Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  5-merous.  Styles  2-5.  Ovary 
globose. 

1.  L«.  Lewisii  Pursh.  (L.  perenne  of  Coulter's  Manual;  not 
L.)  Blue  Flax.  Perennial.  Stems  several  from  the  same  root; 
erect,  smooth,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  alternately  8-13;  linear  to 
narrowly-lanceolate,  numerous;  with  a  gland  taking  the  place 
of  stipules.  Inflorescence  corymbose.  Flowers  large,  sky- 
blue.  Styles  5.  Capsule  when  ripe  longer  than  the  calyx.  Dry 
plains.  May-July. 

ORDER   SAPINDAL.ES. 

ANACARDIACE^l.     Cashew  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  a  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice. 
Leaves  alternate  and  without  stipules.  Inflorescence 
paniculate.  Flowers  small  and  regular;  usually  dioe- 
cious or  polygamous.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Styles  (or  stig- 
mas) 3.  Ovary  1-celled  and  1-ovuled,  ripening  into  a 
dry  drupe. 

1.     RHUS.     Sumac. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  and  exstipulate  3-foliate  or 
pinnate  leaves.  Inflorescence  axillary  or  terminal.  Flowers 
small;  polygamous;  greenish  or  yellowish -green.  Stamens  5. 
Pistil  1;  ovary  1-ovuled;  styles  3,  terminal.  Fruit  a  smali 
berry-like  drupe. 

1.  R.  canadensis  trilobata  (Nutt.)  Gray.  (R.  aromatica  tri- 
lobata  Gray.)  Squawbush;  Skunkberry.  (Known  medicinally 
as  Sweet,  Fragrant  or  Aromatic  Sumac.)  A  glabrous,  bushy 
shrub  2-7  ft.  high;  strongly  ill-scented.  Leaves  petioled;  3- 
foliate.  Leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so;  the  terminal  one  wedge- 
shaped,  the  lateral  ones  smaller  and  obovate;  all  more  or  less 
lobed.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves; '  yellowish-green; 
in  panicled  spikes,  some  of  which  are  at  the  end  of  the  branch, 
others  at  the  ends  of  short  lateral  twigs.  Drupe  dark-red; 
flattened;  viscid-coated;  acid  to  taste.  Stone  smooth.  Dry  hills 
and  plains.  April-May. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  55 


CELASTRACE^E,     Staff  Tree  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  simple ;  with  small  stipules 
that  very  soon  drop  off.  Flowers  small;  regular  and 
usually  perfect.  Calyx  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4-5.  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted 
on  the  margin  of  a  broad  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube 
and  sometimes  covers  the  ovary.  Styles  united  into  1. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  2-5-celled  capsule.  Seeds  arilled. 

1.     PACHYSTIMA.     Mountain  Hedge;   Larb. 

Low,  slender-branched  glabroxis  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite; 
leathery;  evergreen;  smooth;  upper  sxirfaee  shining;;  on  very 
short  petioles.  Inflorescence  axillary;  cymose.  Flowers  small; 
greenish  or  reddish.  Calyx  4-lobed.  Petals  4.  Stamens  4. 
Ovary  superior:  2-celled;  style  very  short. 

1.  P.  Myrsinites  Raf.  Branches  often  curved.  Leaves  ovate 
to  elliptical;  wedge-shaped  at  base;  serrate  or  serrulate.  In 
dense  clumps  on  wooded  slopes.  May-July. 

ACERACE^.     Maple  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite;  simple  or  com- 
pound. Flowers  small  and  regular,  appearing  before 
or  with  the  leaves ;  in  polygamous  or  dioecious  racemes 
or  umbel-like  corymbs.  Calyx  usually  5-lobed;  petals 
equal  in  number  to  calyx-lobes  or  none ;  stamens  3-12, 
usually  8;  and  pistil  1  with  2  long  styles.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  2-lobed,  ripening  into  a  pair  of  winged  fruits 
(samaras).  Ovules  2  in  each  cell. 

1.      ACER.     Maple. 

Wings  extending-  in  one  direction  from  the  seed,  not  de- 
veloped equally  on  all  sides. 

Leaves  simple,  palmately-lobed. 
Petals  present. 

Cultivated;   leaves   large. 

Flowers  in  corymbs 1.  A.  platanoides 

Flowers  in  drooping  racemes  2.  A.  Pseudo-platnnns 

Native ;   leaves  small 3. '  A.  glabriim 

Petals   wanting-. 

Flowers     appearing-     with     or     just     before     the 

leaves    4.  A.  grandidentatum 

Flowers    appearing    much    before   the 

leaves    5.   A.   saccharinum 

Leaves  pinnately-compound 6.  A.  Negundo 


56  SPRING  FLORA 


1.  A.   platanoides   L.      Norway   Maple.      A   round-topped   tree 
with  branches   that  exude  a  milky  juice  when  broken.     Leaves 
"bright-green;    3-7-lobed    and    sharply    much -toothed.      Flowers 
monoecious,    appearing  with    or   before    the   leaves   on    the   sea- 
son's   growth;    yellowish-green    and    conspicuous;     from    quite 
large   terminal    buds,    the   scales   of   which    enlarge   and   form   a 
conspicuous    involucre    to    the    umbel-like    corymb.      Disk    con- 
spicuous.     Samaras    large,    dark-brown,    strongly-veined,    with 
wide-spreading  Avings;   truncate   where  they   touch   each   other; 
dropping   off    in    the   autumn.      April.      Growing    only    in    culti- 
vation. 

2.  A.  Pseudo-platanus  L.     Sycamore  Maple.     A  medium-sized 
tree  with   rather  large,   deeply  3-5-lobed   leaves.     Flowers  from 
terminal  buds,  polygamous,   appearing  after  the  leaves;   green- 
ish-yellow, in  terminal.,  drooping,  compound  racemes,  the  lower- 
most flowers  of  the  raceme  being  fertile.     Stamens  8;  filaments 
hairy.      Ovaries    very    woolly.      Samaras    woolly    on    the    inside 
around   the    seeds;    remaining   on    the    tree    until    the   following 
spring.      May-June.      In    cultivation   only. 

3.  A.   glabrum    Torr.      Mountain   Maple.      A   slender-branched 
shrub    or    small    tree    with    gray    branches    and    reddish    twigs, 
often    growing   in   clumps.      Leaves    small    (the   largest   scarcely 
exceeding  2  inches  in  length  and  slightly  more  in   width);   not 
leathery;   3    (or  5)   lobed  to  divided,  the  lobes   or  divisions  with 
many  unequal  coarse  and  sharp  teeth.     Petioles,  peduncles  and 
the  fruit-wings  often   red   on  the  upper   surface.      Flowers   few; 
polygamous;   in   peduncled,  nodding,   umbel-like   corymbs.      Sta- 
mens  8.     Fruit   %    inch   long  or  less;   wings  broad.     April-May. 
5.000-9,000    ft. 

4.  A.  grandidentatum  Nutt.     Shrubby  Maple.     Shrub   or  small 
tree,    somewhat    larger    than    No.    3.      Leaves    strongly    netted- 
veined;    somewhat   leathery;    the   largest   3    inches    in    diameter: 
3-lobed.    or   5-lobed   with   the    2   lowermost   lobes   scarcely   more 
than    teeth    and    the    3    upper    ones    coarsely    and    bluntly    3-5 
toothed   at   apex,    their   sides    entire    or   sinuate.      Flowers   both 
from  axillary  and  terminal  buds;  monoecious  or  polygamous;  on 
long,    hairy    pedicels,    in    nearly    sessile,    drooping,     umbel-like 
corymbs.     Disk  hairy.      Stamens   8,   long;  wings  narrow.      Along 
streams    and    in    rich    soil    on    foothills,    often    forming    copses. 
March-May.     4,500-6,000  ft. 

5.  A.   saocliarimim    L.      (A.    dasycarpum    Ehrh.)      White,    Soft 
or  Silver  Maple.     A  large   tree   often   reaching  a   height   of   100 
ft.  or  more;  bark  flaky.     Leaves  silvery-white  beneath;   deeply 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  and  sinuses  acute.     Flowers  on  short  pedicels; 
in    lateral,    umbel-like    corymbs.      Stamens    3-6.      Fruit    woolly 
when  young;  falling  the  last  of  April  or  the  first  of  May.     Cul- 
tivated.    March. 

6.  A.  Negumlo  JL,.     (Negundo  aceroides  Moench.)      Box  Elder 
or  Ash-leaved  Maple.     A  tree  sometimes  approaching  a  height 
of    80    ft.      Young    branches    often    purplish-red    with    a    white 
bloom.     Leaves  petioled;   pinnately  3-5  foliate;   leaflets  toothed 
or    lobed,    ovate,   veiny,    pubescent    when    young   but    at    length 
glabrous.     Disk  none.     Flowers  from  mixed  axillary  buds   (sta- 
minate  flowers  from  accessory  buds  also);  dioecious;  apetalous; 
greenish;  on  long,  drooping  stems;  appearing  before  the  leaves; 
staminate  flowers  in  umbels,  the  pistillate  in  drooping  racemes. 
Stamens    4-5,   with    reddish    subsessile   anthers.      Cultivated   and 
along  streams.     March-April. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  57 


ORDER  RHAMNAL.ES. 

RHAMNACE-flE.     Buckthorn  Family. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  thorny.  Leaves  simple, 
usually  alternate,  with  small  deciduous  stipules.  In- 
florescence axillary  or  terminal.  Flowers  small  and 
regular;  dioecious,  polygamous  or  perfect.  Calyx  4-5- 
toothed.  Corolla  (if  present)  of  4-5  perigynous  petals. 
Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  and  opposite 
them.  Ovary  2-5-celled,  ripening  into  a  drupe  or 
capsule. 

1.     CEANOTHIJS.     Snow  Brush;  Mountain  Lilac. 

Leaves  more  or  less  leathery.  Inflorescence  a  cymose  panicle. 
Flowers  small;  perfect;  blue  or  white.  Petals  5,  long-clawed 
at  base,  and  hooded  above  by  the  coming  together  of  their 
arched  blades.  Stamens  5.  Style  3-cleft.  Ovary  half-sunken 
in  the  disk.  Fruit  a  3-celled  and  3-seeded  elastically-dehiscent 
capsule. 

1.  C.  veliitinus  Dougl.  A  thornless  shrub  2-12  ft.  high, 
usually  glabrous,  often  shining.  Leaves  thick  and  leathery; 
elliptical  or  ovate;  varnished  above,  more  or  less  velvety 
beneath.  Flowers  white;  fragrant.  Near  the  summits  of  moun- 
tain ridges.  May-June. 


ORDER  MAL,  VALES. 

MALVACEAE.     Mallow  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  mucilaginous  juice,  and  alternate, 
stipulate  usually  palmately-veined  leaves.  Flowers 
regular.  Sepals  5,  valvate.  Petals  5,  convolute,  united 
at  their  bases  and  with  the  base  of  the  stamen-column. 
Anthers  1-celled,  borne  on  a  short  filament  attached 
by  its  base  to  a  central  stamen-column,  which  encloses 
the  carpels.  Pistils  several;  the  ovaries  united  in  a 
ring  or  forming  a  several-seeded  pod. 

Stigma  lateral 1.   Malva 

Stigmas  capitate. 

Bractlets  not  bristle-like. 

Ovule  1  only  to  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  .    2.  Malvastrum 
Ovules    2    (rarely    1    or    3)     to    each    cell    of    the 

»*  ovary    3.   Sphaeralcea 

Bractlets   bristle-like..  4.   Slda 


58  SPRING  FLORA 


1.      MALVA.      Mallow. 

Pubescent  or  glabrate  herbs,  of  erect,  ascending  or  prostrate 
habit.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at 
base,  which  looks  like  an  outer  calyx.  Stigmas  linear.  Carpels 
crowded  side  by  side  in  a  circle,  all  together  resembling  a 
cushion.  Fruit  a  schizocarp. 

1.  M.  rotimdifolia  L.  Cheeses.  Annual  or  biennial  herb  from 
a  long  tap-root.  Stems  glabrate;  procumbent  to  ascending'. 
Leaves  long-petioled;  round-cordate  with  crenate  margins. 
Flowers  axillary.  Petals  narrowly  obcordate;  whitish  with 
pink  veins.  Carpels  about  15,  pubescent;  half  as  long  as  the 
petals.  Very  common;  in  waste  places.  May-August. 

2.       MAL.VASTRUM.      Star-mallow. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  often  tufted.  Leaves  entire  or 
palmately  lobed,  cleft  or  divided.  Flowers  perfect,  showy,  in 
naked  or  leafy  subpaniculate  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft,  1-3- 
bracted  or  naked.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  5  or  more,  de- 
hiscent; each  cell  of  the  ovary  1-seeded,  the  seed  ascending. 

1.  31.  cocciiieum  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.  Red 'False  Mallow.  (Lo- 
cally called  "Slippery  Elm.")  A  bushy  perennial;  erect  or 
ascending;  abundantly  covered  with  a  scurfy  stellate  pubes- 
cence; spreading  by  slender  creeping  rhizomes.  Leaves  pal- 
mately 3-5-parted  or  divided,  the  divisions  wedge-shaped,  2-3- 
lobed.  Flowers  brick-red,  %  inch  in  diameter.  Carpels  10-15. 
In  dry  soil  in  fields  and  waste  places.  May-October.  Very 
variable. 

la.  M.  coccinium  dissectum  (Nutt.)  (M.  dissectum  (Nutt.) 
A.  Nels.)  Leaves  covered  with  a  hoary-white  pubescence;  dis- 
sected into  narrow  segments. 

Ib.  M.  coccinium  datum  E.  G.  Baker.  (M.  elatum  (E.  G.  B.) 
A  Nels.)  An  erect,  less-branched  form  with  stems  several  from 
the  same  root,  12-20  inches  high.  Leaf -divisions  wedge-shaped, 
as  in  the  type. 

3.      SPHAERAL.CEA.     Globe  Mallow. 

Differing  from  Malvastrum  only  in  that  the  carpels  are 
2-3-seeded.  (Sometimes  the  carpels  of  this  genus  will  be  only 
1-seeded,  in  which  case  the  upper  part  of  the  carpel  will  be 
empty.) 

Stems  rather  slender,  1-2  ft.  high;  petals  scarlet  1.  S.  Munroana 
Stems  stout,  2-6  ft.  high;  petals  pink  or  white...    2.  S.  rivularis 

1.  S.    Munroana    (Dougl.)    Spa<^i.       (Malvastrum    Munroanum 
Gray.)       A    perennial     with     leafy,     densely     stellate-pubescent 
stems.      Leaves  cordate,  the   3-5   obtuse   lobes   crenate.      Corolla 
less  than  an  inch   in  diameter;  petals  obovate.     Mature  carpels 
kidney-shaped,    rounded    at    summit,    pubescent    on    back.      Dry 
soil.     June-July. 

2.  S.  rivularis    (Hook.)   Torr.      (S.  acerifolia  Nutt.)      Rose   of 
Sharon.       An     erect,     stellate-pubescent     perennial,     sometimes 
bushy.      Leaves   large    (2-6   inches   in   diameter),    5-7   palmately- 
lobed    or    parted,    their    shape    much    resembling    that    of    the 
maple.      Flowers   l-iy2    in.   across,   mostly   in    subpaniculate   ra- 
cemes.     Calyx    with   an   involucel   of   3   bractlets.      Carpels   sev- 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION 


eral.  beakless.  stellate-pubescent  and  armed  with  stiff  hairs 
that  become  prickles  in  fruit.  Along  banks  of  mountain 
streams.  June-August. 


4.      SIDA. 

Calyx  usually  without  bractlets.  Carpels  1-seeded,  the  seed 
pendulous. 

1.  S.  hetleracea  Torr.  Perennial;  stellately  pubescent;  stem 
short,  procumbent.  Leaves  thick;  reniform-cordate,  oblique 
at  base  crenate.  Peduncles  axillary;  solitary;  1-f  lowered. 
Petals  oblique,  pubescent  on  the  outside.  That  part  of  corolla 
exposed  in  the  bud  is  colored  purplish;  the  rest  yellow.  Calyx 
with  1-3  setaceous  bractlets.  Carpels  8-10,  pointless.  In  al- 
kaline soil.  June-October. 


ORDER  VIOLATES. 

VIOLACE^E.     Violet  Family. 

Herbs  with  simple,  stipulate  and  basal  or  alternate 
leaves.  Flowers  axillary  or  scapose;  nodding;  irregu- 
lar. Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  the  lowest  one  usually  larger 
or  spurred.  Stamens  5,  with  anthers  erect,  sessile  or 
on  short  filaments,  connate  around  the  pistil.  Stigma 
1  ;  style  1;  ovary  1,  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae. 

1.     VIOLA.     Violet. 

ivrcnnials  often  from  short,  fleshy  rhizomes.  Flowers 
axillary  or  scapose,  solitary;  showy,  or  the  later  ones  apetalous 
and  cleistogamous  and  concealed  among  the  leaves  near  the 
ground.  Sepals  of  the  showy  flowers  are  nearly  equal;  pro- 
longed backward  into  ears. 

Petals  blue  or  violet. 

Leaves  divided,  pale-green 1.  V.  Beckwitlill 

Leaves  crenate  or  serrate,  not  divided;  dark-green. 
Leaves   all   basal. 

Beard    of    lateral    petals    strongly 

knobbed    2.   V.  cucullaia 

Beard       of       lateral       petals       not       strongly 

knobbed^ 3.  V.  nephrophyllu 

Leaves  both  cauline  and  basal.  ...   4.  V.  aduuca  loiigipo* 
Petals   yellow    (at  least  on   inside). 

Petioles  much  longer  than  the  peduncles 5.  V.  Nmtallii 

Petioles    not    much    longer    than    the    ped- 
uncles     6.  V.  linguaefolia 

Petals   white. 

Leaves  alj  basal 7.  V.  Manila 

Leaves  not  all  basal 8.  V.  cauadensi* 


60  SPRING  FLORA 


1.  V.  Beckwithii  T.  &  G.     Western  Pansy  Violet.     Stem  dis- 
tinct,   but    short.      Leaves    biternately    or    pedately    parted,    the 
primary  divisions  ternately  or  pinnatisectly  divided  into  linear 
lobes;  pale  green;  stipules  very  small  and  inconspicuous,  except 
on   the  lower   leaves.     Peduncles   2   inches  long;   naked.      Sepals 
linear,   obtuse,    ciliolate.      Petals   minutely   bearded   at   the   gib- 
bous  summit;   the   lower   one  barely   saccate   at  base,   and   deep 
purple  with  yellow  claws;  the  2  upper  shorter  and  deep  violet. 
Stigma,   lateral.      Dry  plains.      April.      Locally   called    "Bird-foot 
Violet." 

2.  V.  cuciillata  Ait.     Hooded  Violet.     Leaves  from  a  thickened 
and  fleshy  rootstalk;  heart-shaped  with  a  crenate-serrate  mar- 
gin and  acute  apex.    Flowers  violet-blue,  becoming  darker  near 
the  throat.     Sepals  narrowly  lanceolate.     Spurred  petal  smooth. 
Cleistogamous    flowers    long    and    slender.      Seeds    dark-brown. 
Moist   places.      May-June. 

3.  V.   nephrophylla    Greene.      Herbage    glabrous;    plants    not 
stoloniferous.      Leaves   from   a   fleshy   and   thickened   rootstalk; 
the    earliest    ones    round    or    slightly    kidney-shaped,    and    the 
later    ones    broadly    heart-shaped    with    obtuse    and    obscurely 
crenate    margins.      Flowers    blue-violet.      Sepals    lanceolate    to 
ovate.     Spurred  petal   villous.     Cleistogamous  flowers   ovoid   or 
acuminate-ovoid.     Seeds  olive-brown.     Swamps,  especially  near 
cold   springs.     May-June. 

4.  V.    ndiinca    longipes    CNutt.)    Rydb.       (V.    canina    longipes 
Wats.)      Stem    mostly    simple;    at    length    producing    stolons    on 
which  are  borne  Cleistogamous  flowers.     Leaves  elliptical-ovate 
to  ovate,   cordate   at  base;   margins  more   or  less   crenate;   apex 
obtuse.       Flowers     axillary,     pale     blue     to     nearly     white;     on 
peduncles  usually  longer  than   the  stem-leaves.     Latera.l   petals 
bearded.      Spur    short,    straight,    thick.      In    canyons.    5.000-9.000 
ft.;  the  mountain  forms  much   reduced  in  size.     April-August. 

5.  V.  Nuttnllil  Pursh.     Stems  several,  short  from  thick,  often 
branched  or  fascicled  roots.     Leaves  usually  erect:  their  blades 
oblong-lanceolate     or     narrower,     tanering     to     the     margined 
petiole,    with     entire    or    obscurely    dentate    margins;     petioles 
usually  much   longer  than   the  blade.     Peduncles  usually  much 
shorter  than   the  leaves.     Sepals  lanceolate.     Plains  and  moun- 
tain sides,  preferring  rich,  moist  soil  in  the  shade.     March -May. 

6.  V.  linCTiaefolia  Nutt.      (V.  vallicola  A.  Nels.;  V.  physalodes 
Greene.)       Plant    more    or    less    white-hirsute.      Stems    several, 
very  short,  from  a  slender  rootstalk.     Leaves   erect  or  ascend- 
ing; blades   oblong-ovate  to   ovate,  usually  not  tat»ering  to  the 
petiole,  with   margins  obscurely  denticulate  and  ciliate;  petioles 
usually    not    much    lonsrer    than    the    blades,    and    much    shorter 
than    the   peduncles.      Flowers    2-3    times    as    large    as    those    of 
No.    5.      Sepals   narrowly   linear.      (V.    atriplicifolia   Greene   is   a 
dwarf    form    with    coarsely-toothed    leaves,    or    the    upper    ones 
sharply   lobed:    their   margins    not   ciliate.)      In    exposed    places 
on   gravelly   plains   and   mountain    sides.      April-July. 

7.  V.  Manila  Willd.     Sweet  White  Violet.     Smooth  or  slightly 
pubescent:     stoloniferous.       Leaves    all    basal,    from    a    slender 
rhizome;    broadly   heart-shaoed   or  kidney-shar>ed:    crenate   and 
'obtuse.       Peduncles    often     longer    than     the    leaves.       Flowers 
fragrant.      Petals   beardless   or   nearly   so:   all   but   the    2_  upper 
ones    purple-veined.       In    swamps    and    along    streams    in    the 
mountains.      April-July. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  61 


8.  V.  canadensis  soopulorum  A.  Gray.  Dwarf  Canada  Violet. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  depressed-spreading;  stem  1-3  inches 
high  from  branching  rhizomes.  Leaves  cordate  and  mostly 
acuminate,  denticulate-serrate;  at  flowering  time  %  inch  or 
less  in  length.  Outside  of  petals  usually  pale-violet;  inside 
white  with  yellowish  base,  and  more  or  less  streaked  with 
purple.  April-May.  In  the  mountains. 

LOASACE-flE.     Loasa  Family. 

Herbs  with  barbed  or  stinging  hairs  and  exstipulate, 
simple  leaves.  Inflorescence  solitary1,  racemose  or 
cymose.  Flowers  regular.  Sepals  4-5,  epigynous. 
Petals  4-5,  or  sometimes  10,  perigynous.  Stamens 
many,  perigynous;  sometimes  petaloid.  Ovary  "in- 
ferior," 1-celled.  with  2-3  parietal  placentae. 

1.      MENTZELJA.     Blazing  Star;   Evening  Star. 

Leaves  alternate:  entire  or  pinnately  lobed,  cleft  or  divided. 
Stems  white;  together  with  the  leaves,  covered  with  barbed 
hairs.  Fruit  a  dry  capsule,  opening  at  the  summit. 

1.  M.  dispersa  Wats.  (M.  integrifolia  (Wats.)  Rydb.)  A 
slender  annual.  Stems  erect;  simple  or  branching;  4-16  inches 
high.  Leaves  from  entire  to  sinuate-toothed.  Flowers  small, 
pale  yellow.  Seeds  somewhat  cubical;  smooth  or  nearly  so. 
On  moist  rich  banks.  May-August. 

ORDER  OPTJNTIALES. 

CACTACEjE.     Cactus  Family. 

Green,  fleshy  and  thickened  mostly  leafless  plants ; 
globular  or  columnar  and  many  angled,  or  flattened 
and  jointed;  usually  armed  with  bundles  of  spines  from 
the  areolae,  which  constitute  the  axils  of  the  (mostly 
absent)  leaves.  Inflorescence  mostly  solitary.  Flowers 
showy.  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  numerous,  in  sev- 
eral series,  forming  a  cup  above  the  1-celled,  many- 
ovuled  ovary.  Placentae  parietal,  several.  Fruit  a 
more  or  less  fleshy  berry. 

1.      OPUNTIA.     Prickly   Pear. 

Stems  jointed;  flattened  or  cylindrical.  Leaves  deciduous. 
Spines  barbed.  Flowers  red  or  yellow,  borne  on  spine-bearing 
areolas.  Petals  many;  slightly  united  at  base.  Stamens  very 
numerous.  Filaments  distinct  or  slightly  united.  Fruit  pear- 
shaped  with  a  flattish  apex. 

Joints   strotigly  flattened 1.   O.  polyacantha 

Joints  slightly  flattened  if  at  all.' 2.  O.  fragrllls 


SPRING  FLORA 


1.  O.     polyacantha     Haw.       (O.     missouriensis     DC.)       Joints 
strongly  compressed    (except  in   young  seedlings) ;  broadly   ob- 
ovate    and    tuberculate,     2-4    inches    long;     leaves    very    small, 
their    axils    armed    with    a    tuft    of    slender    bristles.      Flowers 
pale   yellow.      Fruit   dry,  very   spiny.      In   dry   soil    on   hillsides. 
May-June. 

2.  O.  fragilis   (Nutt.)   Haw.     Joints  compressed  or  sometimes 
terete;   1-1%   in.  long,  ovoid  or  subglobose.     Leaves  very  small, 
reddish.     Areolae  with  few  bristles;  central  spines  1-4.     Flowers 
yellow,    smaller   than   those   of   No.    1.      Fruit   dry,   with    areolae 
of  spines  and  a  few  short  bristles.     In  dry  soil.     Maj^-June. 


ORDER  MYRTAL.ES. 


ONA GRACED.     Evening  Primrose  Family. 

Herbs  with  simple,  usually  exstipulate  leaves.  Inflor- 
escence axillary  or  terminal;  solitary,  spicate  or  race- 
mose. Flowers  complete;  regular;  symmetrical.  Sepals 
epigynous ;  usually  4.  -Petals  2-6,  usually  4;  perigynous. 
Stamens  2-12,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  petals; 
perigynous.  Ovary  usually  4- celled,  and  then  with 
many  ovules  on  axile  placentae;  conspicuously  "in- 
ferior." Stigma  2-4-lobed  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  capsule 
or  nutlet. 

Ovary   4-celled.    many-seeded;   fruit   a   capsule. 

Lower  leaves  opposite;  seeds  comose  at  apex..   1.  Epilobium 
All  the  leaves  alternate  (or  basal);  seeds  not  comose. 
Petals     yellow,      white     or     rose;     anthers     ver- 
satile        2.    Ocnothera 

Petals  purple  or  red-violet;  anthers  erect.  .  .    3.  Clarkia 
Ovary  1-celled,  1-4-seeded;  fruit  nut-like,  indehiscent.  .   4.  Gaura 

1.     EPILOBIUM.     Willow  Herb. 

Leaves  nearly  sessile,  with  entire  or  serrate  margins.  Calyx 
4-parted.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8,  the  alternate  ones  the  longer. 
Capsule  loculicidal,  4-angled;  the  seeds  with  a  tuft  of  long 
hairs  at  the  apex. 

Annual;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so 1.  E.  paiiiculatum 

Perennial;  leaves  serrulate  or  denticulate....    2.  E.  adeuocaulon 

1.  E.  paniculatum  Nutt.  Slender-stemmed,  erect  and  often 
diffusely-branched;  glabrous  or  somewhat  glandular-pubescent 
above;  6-36  inches  high.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate;  obscure- 
ly serrulate.  Flowers  few,  small,  terminal.  Petals  white  or 
rose-color,  notched  at  apex.  On  plains  and  in  canyons.  June- 
September.  Varying  much  in  size  and  branching  according  to 
water-supply  of  its  habitat. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  63 


2.  E.  adenocaulon  Haussk.  Erect,  much -branched,  leafy, 
producing-  rosettes  or  turions;  more  or  less  white-hairy  above 
(the  inflorescence  and  capsules  glandular-pubescent);  1-3  ft. 
high;  often  purplish.  Leaves  often  erect;  lanceolate-elliptical 
or  ovate-lanceolate;  mostly  abruptly  rounded  into  a  short 
petiole;  2-6  inches  long-.  Flowers  numerous;  small;  axillary 
and  otten  nodding.  Petals  white  or  pink,  notched  at  apex. 
Seeds  abruptly  short-beaked  with  white  coma.  In  water  near 
springs.  May-October. 


2.      OENOTHERA.      Evening   Primrose. 

Leaves  alternate  or  all  basal.  Calyx-tube  prolonged  above 
the  ovary.  Calyx-lobes  4,  reflexed;  often  remaining  united  at 
the  apex.  Stamens  8,  the  anthers  mostly  versatile.  The  pollen 
often  clings  together  like  a  spider's  web.  Flowers  showy; 
yellow,  white  or  rose-color.  Stigma  capitate  or  with  4  linear 
divisions.  Capsule  loculicidal. 

Leaves   alternate    (or   some  basal). 

Stigma  deeply  4-cleft,  its  segments  linear;  biennials. 
Flowers  yellow;   ovules  and   seeds  horizontal. 

Petals  not  over  an  inch  long 1.  O.  wtrigosa 

Petals  as  much  as  l1/^  inches  long.  ...   2.  O.  Hooker! 
Flowers  white;  ovules  and  seeds  ascending  3.  O.  pallida 

Stigma  capitate;  annual 4.  O.  utaliensis 

Leaves  all  basal. 

Flowers   yellow 5.   O.  stibacaulis 

Flowers    white    (becoming   rose-color   in   age). 

Plant  smooth;  leaves  somewhat  leathery  6.  O.  caespitosa 
Plant  hairy;  leaves  not  at  all  leathery.  .   7.  O.  marginal  a 

1.  O.    strigosa    (Rydb.)       (O.    muricata    canescens    (T.    &    G.) 
Robinson.)       Plant    beset    with    rigid    grayish    hairs;    16-40    in. 
high.      Basal    leaves    obovate    or    spatulate    with    obtuse    apex; 
stem-leaves    lanceolate    to    oblanceolate    with    acute    apex    and 
wavy    margins.      Spike    many-flowered,    leafy-bracted.      Calyx- 
segments    with    short,    free    tips.      Corolla    yellow;,    not    turning 
rose-color  on  fading.     In  rich,  usually  moist  soil  in  open  places. 
-June-October. 

2.  O.    Hooker!    T.    &    G.      (O.    biennis    hirsutissima    A.    Gray; 
Onagra   Hookeri    (T.    &   G.)    Small.)      Plant   hairy;    stems    erect, 
stout,    usually    unbranched.      Leaves   lanceolate   to    ovate-lance- 
olate; acute  to  acuminate,  wavy-margined  and  minutely  toothed. 
Spike    many-flowered,    leafy-bracted.       Calyx-segments    acumi- 
nate.    Corolla  yellow,  usually  tinged  with  red,  especially  when 
fading.     In  open  ground.     May-August. 

3.  O.  pallida  Lindl.      (O.  albicaulis  Nutt.;  O.  Nuttallii  Sweet; 
Anogra   Nuttallii    (Sweet)    A.    Nelson;    Anogra   pallida   Britton). 
A  perennial  with  stems  erect  or  sometimes  straggling,   usually- 
branched,  white  and  shreddy;  glabrous  or  puberulent,  or  some- 
times with   a   few   scattered   hairs.      Leaves   linear   or   narrowly 
lanceolate;    entire,    repand    or    pinnately-lobed;    sessile    or    the 
lowermost   petioled.      Flowers   axillary,    drooping    while    in    the 
bud.      Calyx-lobes   linear,   the   tips   free    in   the  bud.      Throat   of 
calyx  glabrous.     Petals  nearly  round;  entire  or  notched;  white, 
turning    to    rose-color    after    fertilization    of    ovules.      Capsule 
curved;    se£ds    smooth;    in    1    row.      Dry    sandy    soil    of    plains. 
Mny -October. 


64  SPRING  FLORA 


4.  O.     subacaulis     (Pursh.)        (Taraxia     subacaulis     (Pursh) 
Rydb.;    O.    heterantha    Nutt.)      Glabrous    or    glabrate    perennial. 
Leaves    lanceolate,    tapering    into    a    slender    petiole;    entire    or 
denticulate.         Calyx-segments       linear-lanceolate;       calyx-tube 
longer     than    the    ovary.       Capsules    sessile;     4-winged.       May- 
August.      In   the   mountains. 

5.  O.    utahcnsis    (Small).      (Sphaerostigma    utahense    Small). 
A   villous    annual,    with-  a    stem    a    foot    or    less    high.      Leaves 
varying  from  spatulate  to  ovate,  densely  villous;  narrowed  into 
slender    petioles.      Flowers    white.      Style    slender;    longer    than 
the  stamens.     Stigma  capitate.     Capsule  linear,  sessile,  scarcely 
narrowed    above;    slightly    glandular.      June. 

6.  O.  caespitosa  Nutt.      (Pachylophus  caespitosus  (Nutt.)   Rai- 
mann.)      Biennial   or  perennial   from   a   thick   root.      Leaves    all 
basal,   forming  a  loose  rosette;  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  nar- 
rowed   into    a    slender    petiole;    sinuate-dentate.      Flowers    few; 
white  or  rose-color;  erect  in  bud.     Calyx-tube  long,  resembling 
a    peduncle.      Capsules    sessile;    crested    or    margined.      Stigma 
4-lobed.       On     sunny    mountain    slopes,     usually    among    rocks. 
May-July. 

7.  O.    marginata    Nutt.       (Pachylophus     marginatus     (Nutt.) 
Rydb.)      Much   like  No.   5,  but  the   leaves  are  not  leathery,  the 
flowers   are    larger  and   with    a    tendency    to    open   farther,    the 
calyx  and  fruit  are  densely  hirsute  and  the  leaves  are  scarcely 
less  so,  and  the  capsule  is  stipitate.     Dry  gravelly  plains,  April- 
June.      Locally   known   as   "Sand  Lily." 


3.      CLARKIA. 

Erect  annuals  with  brittle,  somewhat  succulent  stems. 
Leaves  alternate;  petioled  or  the  uppermost  sessile.  Inflor- 
escence terminal;  racemose.  Flowers  showy.  Petals  4;  purple 
or  red-violet;  clawed.'  Stamens  8,  but  the  4  opposite  the 
petals  often  sterile.  Style  1;  stigma  1,  broadly  4-lobed.  Ovary 
4-celled.  Capsule  4-angled. 

1.  C.  rhomfooidea  Dougl.  More  or  less  branched,  finely  pu- 
berulent;  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  elliptical-lanceolate  to  elliptical- 
ovate,  with  entire  margins.  Petals  entire,  rhomboidal; 
rose-purple,  often  with  dots  of  darker  purple  near  the  base. 
Anthers  all  perfect.  Capsule  sessile,  often  somewhat  curved. 
In  rich,  moist  soil  in  light  shade.  May-July. 


4.      GATJRA. 

Tall  herbs  with  sessile,  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  small, 
in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  reflexed,  deciduous.  Petals 
clawed;  unequal  or  turned  toward  the  upper  side;  reddish  or 
white  and  becoming  rose-color  on  fading.  Stamens  (and  often 
the  style)  turned  downward;  each  filament  appendaged  in 
front.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Fruit  3-8-angled  or  ribbed. 

1.  G.  parviflora  Dougl.  Perennial  with  a  much -branched 
stem,  2-6  ft.  high.  Leaves  soft-downy;  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  with  acute  or  acuminate  apices  and  wavy  margins. 
Flowers  pink,  in  long  terminal  spikes.  Fruit  8-ribbed,  sessile, 
narrowed  at  both  ends.  In  dry  soil.  June-September. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  65 


ORDER  UMBELLALES. 


UMBELLIFER-ffi.     Carrot  or  Parsley  Family. 

Herbs  mostly  with  hollow  stems.  Leaves  mostly 
compound,  more  or  less  clasping  at  the  base.  Flowers 
small;  in  simple  or  compound  umbels.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary;  its  margin  truncate  or  5-toothed. 
Petals  5,  epigynous.  Stamens  5.  Pistils  with  2  styles 
and  a  2-celled.  "inferior"  ovary,  each  cell  of  which 
contains  a  single  ovule.  Fruit  a  pair  of  cremocarps. 

"Umbels  usually  compound,  forming  umbellets.  The 
bracts  under  the  general  umbel  form  an  involucre; 
under  an  umbellet  an  involucel.  The  enlarged  base 
of  the  style  is  the  stylopodium,  which  is  often  sur- 
rounded by  an  epigynous  disk.  Each  carpel  usually 
has  5  longitudinal  ribs;  in  the  intervals  are  usually 
one  or  more  longitudinal  oil-tubes  or  vittae.  The  face 
by  which  the  2  carpels  cohere  is  the  commisure;  a 
slender  prolongation  of  the  axis  between  them  is  the 
carpophore ;  this  is  apt  to  split  into  2  branches,  a  carpel 
suspended  from  the  tip  of  each." — Coulter's  Manual 
of  Rocky  Mountain  Botany,  page  113. 

Mature  fruit  is  necessary  for  determination  of  the 
genera  and  species. 

Oil-tubes   wanting  or   obscure  in   the  mature  fruit. 

Flowers    white .     1.    Osmorrhlzn 

Flowers   yellow  or  purple 2.   Leptotaeniu 

Oil-tubes    distinct. 

Fruits  strongly  flattened  dorsally. 

Leafy-stemmed,    tall,    stout,    branched. 

Stem  smooth;  flowers  yellow 3.  Pastinaca 

Stem  woolly;   flowers   white 4.   Heracleum 

Mostly  short-stemmed;  lateral  ribs  thick.   2.  Leptotaenia 
Mostly    without   above-ground    stem;    lateral    ribs 

thin 5.    Cogswcllia 

Fruits    not    dorsally    flattened. 

With    more   than    1    oil-tube    in    each    interval. 
Seed-face    sulcate    or    decidedly    con- 
cave         6.    Aulospermtim 

%   Seed-face   slightly   concave 7.   Orogenia 

With  a  single  oil-tube  in  each  interval..  .    8.  Zizla 


SPRING  FLORA 


1.     OS31ORRHIZA.      (Washingtonia.)      Sweet  Cicely. 

Perennial  from  thick  aromatic  roots.  Stem  slender,  branch- 
ing. Leaves  few;  2-3  times  compounded  in  threes.  Umbel 
compound,  few-flowered;  with  small  involucre  and  involucels 
or  none.  Flowers  small;  white,  on  long  pedicels.  Calyx-teeth 
none.  Stylopodium  small,  conical.  Fruit  fusiform  or  cylin- 
drical, with  5  equal  and  bristly  or  glabrous  ribs  (without 
wings).  Oil-tubes  none  (at  least  in  mature  fruit). 

Fruit  with   bristly   ribs 1.   O.   divaricata 

Fruit   glabrous -.  .    2.    O.   occidental!* 

1.  O.  tlivaricata  Nutt.      ( Washingtonia  divaricata  Britton;  W. 
intermedia  Rydb.)      Nearly   glabrous;    12-30   inches   high.      Leaf- 
lets thin;  lanceolate  or  ovate;  acute  or  acuminate  and  coarsely 
toothed.      Umbels    simple,    of    2-9    spreading    rays;    and    white 
flowers    on    pedicels    usually    about    as    long    as    the    fruit;    in- 
volucres   none.      Fruit    with    a    distinct,    sharp    beak.      In    rich 
soil  in  shady  places  along  streams.     May-June. 

2.  O.    occidental^    Nutt.       (W.    occidentalis    (Nutt.)    Coult.    & 
Rose;    Glycosma   occidentalis   Nutt.)      Rather   stout;    puberulent 
or  glabrous;  1-2  ft.  high  or  even  more.     Leaves  ternate;  leaflets 
lanceolate-oblong;  rather  thick;  acute;  coarsely  serrate.     Umbel 
5-12-rayed,     without    involucre    or    involucels     (or    rarely    witli 
1-2   involucral   bracts).      Fruiting   rays   usually   erect  and   form- 
ing  a   compact   cluster    of   fruits.      Flowers    white    or   greenish. 
Fruit    distinctly    beaked;    obtuse    (not    tapering)    at    base;    gla- 
brous.    June-July. 

2.      L.EPTOTAENIA.      (Ferula).      "Wild   Carrot." 

Nearly  stemless  smooth  perennials.  Leaves  very  large; 
pinnately  decompound.  Peduncles  tall  and  stout.  Involucre 
none  or  of  a  few  bracts;  involucels  of  many  small  bractlets. 
Flowers  yellow  or  purple,  in  many-rayed  umbels.  Calyx-teeth 
none.  Disk  small;  stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  flattened; 
elliptical  or  nearly  round;  strongly  compressed  dorsally  with 
corky  lateral  wings  as  thick  as  the  fruit.  Oil-tubes  1-6,  but 
obscure;  or  sometimes  wanting. 

1.  L,.  multifida  Nutt.  (Ferula  multifida  A.  Gray.)  Leaves 
puberulent,  finely  dissected  into  linear  divisions.  Flowers 
yellow  (or  purplish).  Fruit  pedicelled,  usually  without  oil- 
tubes.  Seed-face  concave.  Dry  plains  or  hillsides,  often  in 
oak  copses.  May-June.  Often  called  "Wild  Parsnip." 

la.  L,.  multifida  Eatoui  (C.  &  R.)  Jones.  (L.  Eatoni  C.  &  R.) 
Leaves  dissected  into  oblong  divisions.  Fruit  usually  with  oil- 
tubes.  Seed-face  plane.  Same  habitat  and  time  of  flowering 
as  the  type. 

3.      PASTIIVACA.      Parsnip. 

Erect  branching  biennials  from  thick  roots.  Leaves  once- 
pinnate.  Umbels  compound,  usually  without  either  involucre 
or  involucels.  Flowers  yellow.  Calyx-teeth  wanting.  Stylo- 
podium depressed.  Fruit  oval;  smooth,  much  flattened  dorsally. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 

1.  P.  sativa  L.  Stem  2-5  ft.  high  from  a  long,  conical  root. 
Basal  and  lower  stem-leaves  petioled,  long  (often  as  much  as 
1-1%  ft.)  Umbels  several,  2-6  inches  broad.  Pedicels  very 
slender.  In  waste  ground.  June-Sept. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  67 


4.     HERACLETJM.     Cow  Parsnip. 

Coarse  erect  perennials  with  large,  ternately  decompound 
leaves.  Flowers  in  compound  umbels.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
(if  present)  few  and  deciduous;  involucels  of  many  narrow 
bracts.  Outer  petals  of  the  marginal  flowers  much  enlarged. 
Stylopodium  thick,  conic.  Oil-tubes  1  in  each  interval. 

1.  H.  lanatum  Michx.  Stems  ribbed.  4-8  ft.  high.  Leaflets 
lobed  and  cut-toothed,  4-10  inches  across;  lower  surface  downy. 
Fruit  somewhat  downy.  In  wet  places  along  streams  and 
around  cold  springs  in  the  mountains.  May-August. 


5.      COGSWEL,L,IA.      (Lomatium;    Peucedanum   in   part.) 

Mostly  acaulescent  perennials  with  thickened  roots  (usually 
fusiform  or  tuberous).  Leaves  simple  or  compound.  Flowers 
white,  yellow  or  purple,  without  involucre  but  usually  with 
involucels.  Calyx-teeth  usually  wanting.  Stylopodium  none. 
Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally.  Oil-tubes  1-several  in  the 
intervals  or  rarely  wanting. 

Roots    globose    or    moniliform. 

Leaves    1-2    pinnate;    umbellets    open;    pedicels    slen- 
der        1.   C.  amfoigua 

Leaves    dissected;    umbellets    compact;    pedicels    very 

short    2.   C.  leptoearpa 

Roots    more    or    less    cylindrical. 

Bractlets  of  the  involucel  conspicuous 3.   C.  oriental!* 

Bractlets  of  the  involucel  small  or  none. 

Fruit   from   narrowly  to   broadly   oblong. 

Leaves  1-2  ternate 4.  C.  platycarpa 

Leaves   mostly   much   dissected,   the   segments 

short    5.    C.   millefulia 

Fruit  broadly  linear  to  narrowly  elliptical  6.  C.  bicolor 

1.  C.   ambigrua    (Nutt.)    Jones.      (L.    ambiguum    (Nutt.)    C.    & 
R.)      Acaulescent.    or    caulescent   and    then    as    much    as    a    foot 
high;   from  tuberous  and   sometimes  moniliform   roots.      Leaves 
on  long  petioles  dilated  at  the  base;  the  leaflets  long  and  nar- 
row.    Umbel   unequally  8-18-rayed,   without  bractlets.     Flowers 
yellow.     Fruit  glabrous;  narrowly  oblong  and  with  very  narrow 
wings.       Oil-tubes     solitarv     in     the     intervals.       Near     streams. 
May. 

2.  C.   leptoearpa    (Nutt.)    Jones.      (L.    leptocarpurn    (Nutt.)    C. 
&    R.)      Acaulescent   and    glabrous,    from   deep-seated    tuberous 
roots.       Leaves     ternate,     then     pinnate     into     linear     segments. 
Umbels    unequally    rayed,    the    rays    few;    involucels    of    small 
linear    bractlets.       Flowers    yellow.       Fruit    densely    clustered: 
linear;     nearly    sessile;     with     very    narrow    wings.       Oil-tubes 
solitary    in    the    intervals.      Dry   hills.      April-July. 

3.  C.    orientalis    Jones.       (Peucedanum    nudicaule    Nutt.;    L. 
orientale    C.    &    R.)       Acaulescent    or    shortly    caulescent    from 
a  long,  thick  root.     Leaves  bipinnate,  the  short  leaflets  toothed. 
Umbel     unequally     5-8-rayed.     with     involucels     of     lanceolate, 
scarious-margined,      distinct      and      often      purplish      bractlets. 
Flowers  white  or  pinkish.     Fruit  glabrous,   nearly  round;   with 
wings   narrower   than    the   body.      Oil-tubes   solitary    in    the    in- 
tervals.     Seed-face    plane.      Dry    sunny   hillsides.      May. 


68  SPRING  FLORA 


4.  C.   platycarpa    (Torr.)    Jones.      (L.    platycarpum    (Torr.)    C. 
&    R;    L    triternatum    platycarpum    Torr;    Peucedanum    simplex 
Nutt.)      Acaulescent   or   caulescent;    often    tall   and   stout;    from 
more  or  less  thickened  roots.     Leaves  1-2  ternate,  with  leaflets 
from   narrowly   linear   to   linear-lanceolate.      Peduncles    usually 
slender,    not    swollen    at    the    top,    bearing    an    unequally    3-15- 
rayed    umbel    of    yellow    flowers.      Involucels    of    setaceous    or 
lanceolate   bractlets.      Fruit   broadly   elliptical   to   nearly   round, 
with    large   oil-tubes    solitary    in    the    intervals;    wings    broader 
than   the  body.      Dry  gravelly   plains.     April-May. 

5.  C.  millefolia    (Wats.)    Jones.      (C.   Grayi    C.   &   R. ;   L.   Grayi 
C.   &  R.)      Glabrous  throughout,   from  very  long,  woody,   cylin- 
drical   roots;    strongly    scented    with    the    odor    of    celery-seed. 
Leaves  ternate.  then  pinnately-decompound  into  linear-filiform 
and  cuspidate  divisions.     Umbel  rather  equally  6.-16-rayed,  with 
involucels   of   distinct   linear    subulate   bractlets.      Flowers    yel- 
low.    Fruit  oblong.     Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.     Among 
rocks   on  sunny  mountain   summits.     April-May. 

6.  C.    bicolor    (Wats.)    Jones.      (L.    bicolor    (Wats.)    C.    &    R.) 
Nearly   acaulescent   or   with    a   stem    4-18    inches   high.      Leaves 
with   much    dilated   petioles;    ternate,   with    tripinnate   divisions, 
the   ultimate   segments    filiform.      Umbel    very    unequally    2-10- 
rayed,     with     involucels.       Flowers    yellow    on     short    pedicels. 
Fruit  glabrous;  broadly  linear  at  first,  but  becoming  narrowly 
elliptical   when   fully   mature;    wings    very   narrow   in    immature 
fruit,    but   becoming    wide    and    conspicuous    in    age.      Oil-tubes 
large    and    solitary    in    the    intervals.       Dry    grassy    mountain 
slopes.     May. 

6.     ATJI.OSPERMUM.     (Cymopteris  in  part).     Indian  Parsnip. 

Low  perennials  from  a  thick  root;  caulescent  or  acaules- 
cent. Leaves  ternate  or  more  or  less  pinnately  dissected. 
Umbel  usually  without  involucre;  umbellets  with  small  and 
narrow  bractlets.  Flowers  white,  yellow  or  purple.  Calyx- 
teeth  evident.  Carpels  with  3-5  usually  broad,  thin  -wings. 
Stylopodium  none.  Fruit  glabrous;  elliptical  or  round;  more 
or  less  laterally  flattened.  Oil-tubes  usually  several  in  each 
interval.  Seed  usually  sulcate. 

Flowers  yellow  (or  a  few  of  them  purple) 1.  A.  longipcs 

Flowers  white  or  cream-color  (or  a  few  purplish)  2.  A.  ibapense 

1.  A.  Icmgipes    (Wats.)    C.   &  R.      (Cymopteris  longipes  Wat- 
son).   Glabrous   and   glaucous;   apparently  acaulescent  when   in 
flower,  but  the  cluster  of  pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves  at  length 
borne  at  the   summit  of  an   elongated    stem,   which    is   sheathed 
at    the   base.      Umbels    5-10-rayed,    without    involucre    but    with 
subulate    bractlets.       Oil-tubes     3     in     the     intervals.       On     dry, 
sunny    hills    in    gravelly    soil.      March-May. 

2.  A.  ibapense  (Jones)   C.   &  R.      (C.  ibapense  Jones.)      Leaves 
tripinnate,    their    ultimate    divisions    crowded    and    obtuse    with 
revolute    margins.      Umbels    6-8-rayed;    without    involucre    but 
with   involucels  of  linear  bractlets.    Oil-tubes  3  in   the  intervals. 
Same  habitat  as  the  preceding,  but  mostly  at  higher  elevations. 

7.      OROGENIA. 

Stems  scape-like.  Leaves  1-3  ternate.  Involucre  none;  in- 
volucels of  few  linear  bractlets.  Flowers  white.  Calyx-teeth 
minute.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  oblong,  slightly  flat- 
tened dorsally.  Oil-tubes  minute;  3  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face 
slightly  concave. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  69 


1.  O.  llnearifolla  Watson.  Stem  slender,  perennial  from  a 
deep-seated  roundish  tuber;  5  inches  high  or  less.  Leaves  2-3, 
upon  slender  petioles;  1-2  ternate;  leaflets  entire,  linear.  Um- 
bels 2-10-rayed,  with  nearly  sessile  flowers.  Anthers  red. 
March-May.  In  rich  moist  soil  in  shaded  mountain  valleys. 


8.      ZIZIA. 

Smooth  perennials,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  simple  or  ternately 
compound.  Umbel  without  involucre  and  with  involucels  of 
small  bractlets.  Flowers  yellow;  calyx-teeth  prominent.  Car- 
pels with  filiform  ribs  and  long-  styles.  Stylopodium  none. 
Oil-tubes  large,  solitary  in  the  broad  intervals.  Fruit  glabrous, 
flattened  laterally;  oblong  to  ovate;  the  central  one  of  each 
umbellet  sessile. 

1.  Z.  cordata  (Walt.)  Koch.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled; 
round-cordate  with  the  margin  crenate  or  rarely  lobed  or  di- 
vided; stem-leaves  of  3-5  ovate  and  serrate  or  incised  leaflets. 
Fruit  ovate.  Wet  upland  meadows.  June-July. 

CORNACE^E.    Dogwood  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  ex- 
stipulate.  Flowers  in  cymes  or  involucrate  heads. 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  1-2-celled  ovary.  Corolla-lobes 
4;  together  with  the  4  stamens  borne  on  the  "inferior 
ovary.  Fruit  a  1-2-celled  drupe  or  berry. 


?  7 


1.     CORNUS.     Dogwood;  Cornel. 

Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  minutely  4- 
toothed.  Petals  white  or  greenish.  Style  slender;  stigma 
capitate  or  truncate.  Fruit  a  small  drupe. 

1.  C.  stolonifera  Michx.  Shrub  3-8  ft.  high  with  branches 
(especially  the  "water-sprouts")  smooth  and  bright-red.  Leaves 
ovate,  rounded  at  base,  abruptly  sharp-pointed;  whitish  be- 
neath. Flowers  small,  in  open  and  flat  cymes;  petals  white 
or  somewhat  cream-colored.  Fruit  white  or  lead-color.  Along 
mountain  streams.  May-September.  '  Locally  called  "Kinni- 
kinnick,"  a  name  properly  belonging  to  the  Bearberry. 

ORDER  PRIM1TL.ALES. 

^  PRIMULACE-flE.     Primrose  Family. 

Herbs  with  simple  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  per- 
fect, regular.  Calyx  usually  of  5  united  parts.  Corolla 
usually  o£  5  united  petals  (wanting  in  Glaux).  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes.  Pistil  consists  of  1  style, 


70  SPRING  FLORA 

1  stigma  and  a  1-celled  ovary  bearing  a  free-central 
placenta.  The  stamens,  which  are  opposite  the  corolla- 
lobes,  are  sometimes  monadelphous.  Fruit  a  2-6-valved 
capsule. 

Inflorescence  axillary  and  solitary 1.   Glaux 

Inflorescence  terminal  and  umbellate. 

Petals  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  distinct...   2.  Androsace 
Petals    reflexed;    stamens    somewhat    mona- 
delphous        3.    Dodecatlieon 

1.      GL.AUX.     Saltwort. 

A  low,  somewhat  succulent  perennial  with  leafy  stems. 
Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Calyx  5-parted; 
pink  or  white.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  base  of 
calyx  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Capsule  dehiscent  by 
valves. 

1.  G.  marltima  L.  Perennial  from  slender  rhizomes;  glabrous 
and  glaucous;  usually  branched;  2-8  inches  high.  Leaves 
elliptical  or  linear-oblong;  sessile.  Flowers  of  2  forms;  in 
one  form  the  stamens  are  shorter  than  the  pistil,  in  the  other 
they  are  longer.  Wet  places  in'  salty  soil.  May-August. 

'    2.     AJVDROSACE. 

Low  annuals  or  perennials.  Leaves  (in  our  species)  rosette- 
forming  at  base.  Flowers  small,  in  involucrate  umbels.  Calyx 
persistent.  Corolla  salver-  or  funnel-form,  the  tube  shorter 
than  calyx.  Stamens  distinct;  included;  with  short  filaments 
and  short,  blunt  anthers.  Style  short. 

1.  A.  occidentalism  Pursh.  Annual,  from  fibrous  roots.  Leaves 
sessile;  oblong  or  spatulate;  obtuse.  Pedicels  scape-like;  soli- 
tary or  numerous;  very  slender.  Bracts  of  involucre  oblong 
or  ovate.  Calyx-teeth  ovate  or  triangular-lanceolate  and 
acute;  longer  than  the  capsule  and  at  least  as  long  as  the 
calyx-tube.  Corolla  very  small,  white;  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Dry  gravelly  fields.  April-June. 

3.     DODECATHEON.     Shooting  Star;  American  Cowslip. 

Smooth  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  all  basal,  forming  a  loose 
rosette.  Flowers  terminal  on  a  simple,  naked  scape.  Calyx 
5-cleft,  the  divisions  reflexed  in  flower  and  erect  in  fruit. 
Corolla  5-cleft,  the  narrow  rose-colored  divisions  reflexed. 
Stamens  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  exserted,  their 
filaments  short;  anthers  erect,  yellow  or  violet,  conniving 
around  the  style. 

Anthers  about  as  long  as  tube  of  united  filaments  1.  D.  salimun 
Anthers    at   least   twice   as    long   as   tube    of    united    fila- 
ments        2.   D.  pauciflorum 

1.  D.  salinum  A.  Nels.  Leaves  widely  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing. Bracts  oblong  or  spatulate.  Anthers  purple  with  whitish 
margins.  Capsule  elliptic,  splitting  from  the  obtuse  summit 
into  2  equal  valves.  'Wet  alkali  soil.  May-August.  4,500- 
11.000  ft. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  71 


2.  D.  pauciflorum  (Durand)  Greene.  (D.  vulgare  (Hook) 
Piper;  D.  meadia  pauciflorum  Durand.)  Leaves  erect  or  nearly 
so.  Bracts  lanceolate.  Filaments  united  into  a  yellow  tube 
half  as  long  as  the  anthers.  Anthers  purple.  Capsule  nearly 
cylindrical,  splitting  from  the  acute  summit  by  5  short  teeth. 
Wet  soil.  May-June. 


ORDER  GENTIANALES. 

OLEACE^E.     Olive  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  arid  exstipulate  leaves. 
Inflorescence  panicled,  racemose  or  fascicled.  Flowers 
monoecious,  dioecious,  polygamous  or  perfect.  Calyx 
usually  4-cleft.  Corolla  of  4  more  or  less  united  lobes, 
or  sometimes  wanting".  Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  3  or 
4.  Pistil  1,  with  a  2-celled  ovary,  ripening  into  a 
samara,  capsule,  drupe  or  berry. 

1.      FRAXIJVTJS.      Ash. 

Trees  with  petioled,  odd-pinnate  leaves  from  terminal  buds. 
Inflorescence  axillary;  densely  panicled  or  racemose.  Flowers 
greenish;  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Calyx  small 
and  4-cleft;  toothed  or  entire,  or  wanting.  Petals  4,  or  want- 
ing. Anthers  large.  Style  1;  stigma  1,  2-cleft.  Fruit  an 
oar-like  samara,  containing  a  single  seed. 

1.  F.  pennsylvanica  lanceolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg.  (F.  lanceolata 
Borkh.;  F.  viridis  Michx.  f.)  Green  Ash.  Glabrous  throughout; 
usually  not  exceeding  60  ft.  in  height.  Leaflets  5-9,  often 
wedge-shaped  at  base  and  serrate  above;  bright-green  on  both 
sides.  Flowers  dioecious.  Anthers  linear-oblong.  Calyx  per- 
sistent in  fruit.  Petals  none.  Fruit  1-2  inches  long;  the 
fruit-body  spindle-shaped,  the  wing  extending  upward  to  above 
its  middle,  slightly  notched  at  apex.  Cultivated.  April-May. 

ASCLEPEDIACE^.     Milkweed  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  usually  with  a  milky  juice,  entire 
exstipulate  leaves,  and  umbellate  inflorescence.  Flow- 
ers regular  and  perfect.  Calyx  5-lobed,  reflexed. 
Corolla  of  5  united  lobes.  A  corona  of  5  parts,  called 
hoods  (usually  colored  like  petals),  is  between  the 
corolla  and  the  column  of  stamens,  and  is  adnate  either 
to  the  corolla  or  the  stamen-column.  Filaments  5,  short 
and  stout;  monadelphous,  or  rarely  distinct;  borne  on 
base  of  corolla.  Anthers  tipped  by  a  membrane;  2- 
celled,  e/aeh  cell  containing  a  waxy  mass  of  pollen 


72  SPRING  FLORA 

called  a  pollinium.  The  two  contiguous  pollinia  of 
adjacent  anthers  are  united.  The  pistil-system  consists 
of  2  separate  ovaries,  each  with  its  style;  and  these 
are  surmounted  by  a  single  flat,  5-angled  stigmatic 
disk,  which  also  surmounts  the  stamen-column.  Fruit 
a  pair  of  follicles.  Seeds  tufted. 

Leaves   opposite:   corolla   reflexed 1.   Aselcpias 

Leaves  alternate;  corolla  not  reflexed 2.  Asclepiodorn 

1.     ASCLEPIAS.     Milkweed. 

Erect  or  decumbent  herbs  from  deep  perennial  roots.  Leaves 
opposite  or  whorled  (rarely  alternate).  Inflorescence  terminal 
or  axillary.  Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  reflexed. 
Corona-hoods  each  with  an  incurved  horn  within. 

1.  A.  speclosa  Torr.  Stout,  1-2  */&  ft.  high,  white-tomentose 
or  canescent  all  over.  Leaves  opposite;  thick;  broadly  ovate 
or  elliptical;  obtuse  and  cuspidate  or  acute.  Umbels  several 
or  rarely  solitary.  Corolla  purplish.  Column  very  short  or 
none.  Follicles  erect  or  spreading  on  the  recurved  pedicels, 
woolly  and  spinose.  In  moist  soil  near  springs  and  irrigation 
ditches.  June-July. 

2.      ASCL.EPIODORA. 

Erect  or  decumbent  stout  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  alternate 
(sometimes  opposite).  Inflorescence  terminal.  Flowers  large. 
Corolla  rotate,  its  segments  spreading.  Corona-hoods  promi- 
nently crested  within. 

1.  A.  decumbens  Gray.  Stems  decumbent  or  ascending: 
rough-puberulent;  1-2  ft.  long.  Leaves  somewhat  leathery, 
narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate;  acuminate.  Umbel  solitary, 
many-flowered.  Flowers  greenish  with  purple  hoods.  Fruiting 
pedicels  twice  bent.  Follicles  ascending.  Dry  soil  on  hillsides. 
June-July. 

ORDER  POLEMONIALES. 

CONVOLVULACEJE.     Morning-glory  Family. 

Mostly  trailing  or  twining  herbs  (erect  in  Oressa). 
Leaves  exstipulate,  alternate  (or  scales  in  Cuscuta). 
Inflorescence  axillary,  cymose  or  solitary.  Flowers 
regular,  perfect.  Calyx  of  5  distinct,  imbricated  sepals. 
Corolla  of  5  united  petals.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Pistils  2,  or  1, 
with  1-3  styles,  and  a  "superior,"  2-3-  or  falsely  4-6- 
celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  2-4-valved  capsule,  or  2-4 
separate  fruits. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  73 


1.     CONVOLVULUS.     Bindweed. 

Twining  or  prostrate,  mostly  perennial  herbs  from  slender 
rhizomes.  Flowers  axillary;  solitary  or  clustered;  large; 
white,  pink  or  purplish.  Corolla  open  funnel-form.  Ovary 
entire,  1-2-celled;  style  filiform;  stigmas  2,  filiform  to  oblong. 

1.  C.  arvensis  L.  Stems  slender,  prostrate.  Leaves  slender- 
petioled;  dark-green;  usually  arrow -shaped  and  blunt  at  the 
apex.  Peduncles  usually  2-flowered:  J-3-bracted  just  below 
the  flowers.  Corolla  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter;  white  with 
a  pink  tinge.  Calyx  free  from  the  bracts.  In  fields  and  waste 
places.  May-September. 

POLEMONIACEJE.     Phlox  Family. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves.  Inflores- 
cence eymose,  corymbose-paniculate  or  solitary. 
Flowers  perfect;  regular  or  nearly  so.  Calyx  of  5 
united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  united  petals.  Stamens  5, 
epipetalous;  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes.  Pistil 
consists  of  1  filiform  style,  of  3  linear  stigmas  (most 
conspicuous  in  mature  flowers),  and  of  a  "superior," 
mostly  3-celled  ovary  with  axile  placentae.  Seeds  of 
some  genera  emitting  spiral  threads  when  moistened. 
Capsule  loculicidal. 

Leaves  opposite,   entire 1.  Phlox 

Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

Corolla   salverform  or  tubular-funnelform 2.   Gilia 

Corolla  open  bell-shaped.  .  . , 3.  Polemoiiium 


1.     PHLOX. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  erect  or  diffuse  herbs  (in  some 
species  woody  at  the  base).  Leaves  entire;  opposite  or  the 
floral  leaves  alternate.  Inflorescence  cymose  or  paniculate. 
Flowers  showy.  Calyx  tubular,  5-ribbed  and  5-cleft.  Corolla 
salverform,  with  a  narrow  tube  and  a  5-lobed  limb.  Stamens 
short,  unequally  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary  3-celled; 
style  usually  slender.  Ovules  few.  Capsule  at  length  distend- 
ing and  rupturing  the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  wingless,  or  narrowly 
winged,  not  developing  spiral  threads  when  moistened. 

Leaves  linear;  flowers  more  than  1 1.  P.  longrifolia 

Leaves  subulate;  flowers  solitary 2.  P.  Hoodli 

1.  P.  longlfolia  Nutt.  Wild  Sweet  William.  Many-stemmed 
from  a  woody  base;  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  3-8  inches 
high.  Leaves  from  narrowly  to  broadly  linear.  Calyx  angled. 
Corolla  dark  pink  to  white.  April-November.  In  dry  soil. 

la.  P.  longrifolla  imberula  E.  Nelson.  (P.  puberula  (E.  Nels.) 
A.  Nels.)  Pubescence  glandular,  especially  on  the  pedicels  and 
calyx. 


74  SPRING  FLORA 


2.  P.  Hoodii  Richards.  Sparsely  woolly  when  young1,  at 
length  grabrate.  Stem  2-4,  inches  high,  densely  tufted  and 
branching  from  a  woody  root.  Leaves  imbricate,  erect,  rigid, 
subulate  and  mucronate.  Flowers  solitary  and  sessile  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches..  Corolla  white.  May-June. 


2.     GILJA.     (Includes  Collomia,  Microsteris,  Linanthus). 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  (or 
sometimes  opposite)  leaves.  A  genus  of  wide  diversity  as  to 
shapes  of  leaves  and  of  corolla,  and  types  of  inflorescence. 
Capsule  at  length  distending-  and  often  bursting  the  calyx- 
tube.  Seeds  usually  mucilaginous  when  moistened. 

Annuals. 

Leaves    not    spinulose-tipped. 

Leaves     sessile,    and     entire;     stamens     unequally 

inserted. 
Inflorescence    scattered    or    loosely    cy- 

mose    1.   G.   gracilis 

Inflorescence    capitate-glomerate    and    leafy- 

bracted. 
Corolla  from  pink-purple  to  nearly  white, 

with  yellow   tube 2.   G.  linearis 

Corolla    buff    or    pale    salmon- 
color    3.    G.   grandiflora 

Leaves    (or    some    of    them)    palmately    di- 
vided         4.    G.    Harknessii 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately-parted.   5.  G.  inconspicua 

Leaves  and  calyx-teeth  spinulose-tipped 6.  G.  minima 

Biennials  or  perennials. 

Leaves  alternate;  pinnately  divided  into  remote  linear 

segments    7.   G.  aggregata 

Leaves   opposite   or   fascicled   in    the   axils,   palmately 

3-7-parted  into  acerose  segments 8.   G.  Watsonii 

1.  G.     gracilis     Hook.        (Microsteris     micrantha     (Kellogg) 
Greene;  Collomia  micrantha  Kellogg;  C.  gracilis  A.  Gray;  Gilia 
micrantha    (Kell.)    A.    Nels.)       Pubescent,    2-6    inches  'high;    at 
length    becoming   much-branched.      Leaves    opposite    below,    al- 
ternate above.     Flowers   small,  borne  singly   or  in  pairs   in  the 
axils    of    the    upper    leaves.      Calyx    tubular,     5-cleft.       Corolla 
salver-shaped  with  a  narrow  tube;   white  or  rarely  pink.     Sta- 
mens   straight,    short.       Capsule    3-celled,     each    cell     1-ovuled. 
Seeds    few,    not   becoming    mucilaginous    when    moistened.      (In 
subspecies  spirillifera  the  seeds  do  become  mucilaginous  when 
moistened).      On    dry   plains.      April-June. 

2.  G.    linearis    Gray.       (Collomia    linearis    Nutt.)      Sparingly 
viscid-pubescent;  6-20  inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
from  base.     Leaves  broadly  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate.     Corolla 
salverform.      Ovules    solitary.      Seeds    emitting    spiral    threads 
when    moistened.      In    moist    shaded    places,    especially    in    the 
mountains.     June-Aug-ust. 

3.  G.    grandiflora    A,    Gray.      (Collomia    grandiflora    Dougl.) 
Stem    leafy    throughout,    erect    and    unbranched;     %-2    ft.    high, 
flowering  only  at  the  summit.     Leaves   from  broadly  linear  to 
lanceolate,    or    nearly    ovate    above.      Bracts    and    calyx    viscid- 
pubescent.      Corolla  at  least  1   inch   long,  narrowly  funnelform. 
Seeds    emitting-    spiral    threads    when     moistened,       Dry    sandy 
soil   on   plains  and   hillsides,      June-August. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  75 


4.  G.  inconspicua   (Smith)   Dougl.     Stem  simple  or  branching 
from    the    base,    4-12    inches    high;    usually    slightly    woolly-pu- 
bescent   when    young.       Leaves    becoming    smaller    and    entire 
above.     Corolla  pink  or  purplish,  narrowly  funnelform.     Ovules 
2-several    in    each    cell.      Seeds    emitting    spiral    threads    when 
wetted.      On    sand    dunes   and    mountain    sides. 

5.  G.   Hnrkuessii    Curran.      (Linanthus    Harknessii    (Curran) 
Greene).     Stem  erect,  slender,  bushy-branched,  3-10  inches  high. 
Flowers  very   small,    on   slender   pedicels.      Calyx   minutely   pu- 
bescent.    Corolla  white.     Seeds   solitary   in   the   cells,  mucilagi- 
nous when  moistened.     In  canyons.     June-July. 

6.  G.    minima    A.    Gray.      (Navarretia   minima    Nutt.)      Plant 
depressed,    1-3   inches   high,   glabrate.      Leaves   pinnately-parted 
into  needle-shaped   segments.     Flowers  leafy-bracted,   capitate- 
clustered;    bracts    and    calyx-lobes    with    needle-shaped    apices. 
Corolla  white.     Ovules   1-3   in   each  cell.     Seeds  emitting  muci- 
lage  and    spiral    threads    when    moistened.      In    exposed    places 
on   mountains.     May-July. 

7.  G.    agrgrregrata    A.    Gray.       (G.    pulchella    Dougl.)       Scarlet 
Gilia;    Tree   Cypress;    "Polecat   Plant."      Biennial;    pubescent   or 
puberulent;  with  unbranched  or  slightly  branched  stem.    Lower 
leaves    basal    and    rosette-forming;    upper    alternate.   •  Inflores- 
cence    narrowly     thrysoid-paniculate.        Flowers     red;     showy. 
Calyx  glandular.     Corolla  tubular-funnelform.     Stamens  equally 
or  unequally  inserted   in   the  corolla-throat.      Ovules  numerous. 
Seeds   mucilaginous   and   emitting   spiral    threads   when   wetted. 
On  mountain  sides.     May-September.     Locally  known  as   "Wild 
Honeysuckle."      Often    characterized   by   an    offensive    odor. 

7a.  G.  agrgrregata  attenuata  A.  Gray.  (G.  attenuata  (Gray) 
A.  Nels.)  Distinguished  from  the  type  by  the  long,  white  hairs 
on  the  calyx,  the  usually  included  stamens  and  style,  and  the 
usually  lighter  colored  (pink  to  white)  corolla. 

8.  G.  Watsonii  A.   Gray.     Stems   4-8  inches  high;   tufted  and 
nearly    herbaceous;    perennial    from    a    woody    base.      Flowers 
solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster,  terminating  the  branches.    Calyx- 
lobes  acerose.     Corolla  dull  pinkish-white  with  pinkish   throat; 
salverform.      Stamens    included;    filaments    short.      Cells    10    (or 
more)    ovuled.     Seed-coat  not  developing  mucilage   when   mois- 
tened.    On  rocky  mountain  ridges.     June-August.     5,500-8,000  ft. 


3.     POLEMONIUM.     Jacob's  Ladder. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  pinnate  leaves.  Calyx  bell-shaped; 
neither  angled  nor  ribbed,  becoming  enlarged  after  flowering 
and  persistent  in  fruit.  Stamens  about  equally  inserted  near 
base  of  corolla,  declined;  the  filaments  slender  and  often 
pilose  at  base.  Capsule  ovoid;  obtuse;  3-valved.  Seeds  emit- 
ting spiral  threads  when  moistened. 

1.  P.  micranthum  Benth.  Annual,  somewhat  viscid-pubes- 
cent, branching,  weak  and  diffuse;  3-8  inches  high.  Leaflets 
entire.,  5-13.  Flowers  small;  solitary  or  scattered  on  the 
branches;  white  or  tinged  with  pink.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft. 
Corolla  nearly  rotate;  shorter  than  calyx.  Filaments  dilated 
at  base;,  very  sparingly  pilose-ciliate.  April-May.  In  grassy 
fields  a'nd  ravines. 


76  SPRING  FLORA 


HYDROPHYLLACEJE.     Waterleaf  Family. 

More  or  less  hairy  herbs.  Leaves  usually  basal  or 
alternate.  Inflorescence  in  scorpioid  cymes,  in  racemes, 
spikes  or  sometimes  solitary.  Mowers  perfect ;  regular. 
Sepals  5,  united.  Petals  5,  united.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Pistil  with 
style  2-cleft  or  with  2  separate  styles;  and  an  entire 
1-celled  or  rarely  a  2-celled  ovary,  bearing  2  parietal 
placentae.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

Leaves     all     basal     and     rosette-forming;      peduncles     1- 

flowered    1.  Hesperochlrou 

Leaves   neither   all   basal   nor   rosette-forming';    peduncles 

several -flowered. 

Placentae   broad;    corolla   convolute   in   bud. 
Perennials;    stamens    conspicuously    ex- 

serted    2.    Hydropliyllum 

Annuals;   stamens   included 3.   Nemophila 

Placentae   narrow,   not   fleshy;    corolla   imbricated   in 

,     bud    , 4.    Phacelia 

1.      HESPEROCHIRON.      (Capnorea). 

Perennials  from  short  branching-  rootstalks.  Leaves  entire; 
spatulate  or  oblong,  with  long,  wing-margined  petioles. 
Peduncles  naked.  Calyx  5-  (rarely  6-7-)  parted.  Corolla  with- 
out disk;  bell-shaped  or  saucer-shaped.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
narrow  placentae.  Capsule  loculicidal. 

1.  H.  pumilus  Porter.  (Capnorea  pumila  (Dougl.)  Greene). 
Leaves  glabrous,  except  for  the  ciliate  margins;  lanceolate  to 
spatulate,  tapering  below  to  a  slender  petiole.  Calyx-lobes 
nearly  equal.  Corolla  saucer-shaped;  white  to  purple;  inner 
surface  of  its  tube  and  the  base  of  the  filaments  pubescent. 
In  wet  places.  May. 

2.      HYDROPHYL.L.UM.      Water-Leaf. 

Herbs  with  large,  alternate  and  basal  petioled  leaves  (often 
pinnatifid  or  pinnate).  Inflorescence  cymose  or  capitate. 
Flowers  violet,  bluish  or  white,  often  on  long  peduncles.  Cor- 
olla bell-shaped,  with  a  linear  longitudinal  appendage  at  each 
lobe.  Stamens  conspicuously  exserted;  filaments  bearded  at 
the  middle.  Style  2-cleft.  Ovary  1-celled.  Capsule  spheroidal. 

Flowers     in     head-like     cymes;     peduncles     shorter     than 

petioles    1.    H.   capltntum 

Flowers    in    open    cymes;    peduncles    longer    than 

petioles    2.   H.  occidentale  var. 

1.  H.  capitatum  Dougl.  Stem  rather  weak;  6-12  inches  high; 
pubescent  or  somewhat  hispid;  from  fascicled  roots.  Leaves 
ovate  in  outline,  with  2-3  pairs  of  coarsely-lobed  segments. 
Flowers  on  short  pedicels  in  dense  sessile  or  short-peduncled 
head-like  cymes.  Calyx  very  hispid-pubescent.  Corolla  more 
or  less  purplish-tinged.  Ovary  hairy.  In  shade,  often  in  oak 
copses;  in  rich,  moist,  loose  soil.  May-June.  5,000-9,000  ft. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  77 


2.  H.  occidentale  Watsoni  Gray.  (H.  Watsoni  (Gray)  Rydb.) 
Leaves  longer  than  those  of  H,  capitatum,  pinnately  parted  or 
divided  into  7-15  divisions*  sparingly  hispid.  Cyme  few-flow- 
ered, open.  Flowers  purplish -blue.  In  rich  soil  in  light  shade. 
June. 


3.     NEMOPHILA. 


Weak  and  slender-stemmed  annuals.  Leaves  more  or  less 
pinnate;  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate.  Flowers  soli- 
tary or  2-3  in  a  raceme.  Calyx  with  a  reflexed  appendage  at 
each  sinus;  enlarging  in  fruit.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  to  broadly 
bell-shaped;  longer  than  calyx  and  the  stamens;  with  10  ap- 
pendages on  the  inside  and  at  the  base;  with  or  without  disk. 

1.  N.  parvlflora  Dougl.  Stems  trailing  or  procumbent. 
Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  3-5-lobed.  Corolla  white  or  bluish- 
white,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  lobe.  Filaments  borne  on 
the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  Seeds  1-4,  often  deeply  pitted. 
In  rich  soil  in  shady  places  along  streams. 


4.      PHACEJLIA. 


Herbs  with  simple  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  often  showy, 
in  racemes  or  raceme-like  scorpioid  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  5-lobed;  open  bell-shaped.  Stamens  often  exserted; 
filaments  slender.  Ovary  imperfectly  2-celled,  its  walls  bear- 
ing 2  narrow  parietal  placentae;  style  2-cleft. 

1.  P.  linearis  (Pursh)  Holzinger.  (P.  Menziesii  Torr.)  An- 
nual; stem  6-12  inches  high;  hispid  or  rough-hairy;  at 
length  branched.  Leaves  mostly  sessile,  narrowly  to  broadly 
lanceolate;  entire  or  some  of  them  deeply  5-cleft.  Racemes 
thyrsoid-paniculate.  Flowers  showy;  proterandrous;  from 
violet  to  blue  or  rarely  white.  Corolla  appendaged;  petals  a 
half  again  as  long  as  sepals,  and  about  as  long  as  stamens. 
Ovules  several  on  each  placenta.  Dry  ground,  often  under 
sage-brush.  May-June.  Locally  called  "Johnny-jump-up." 


BORAGINACE-ffi.    Borage  Family. 

Chiefly  rough-hairy  herbs  with  alternate,  entire  and 
exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  usually  regular.  Calyx 
5-parted,  usually  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  united 
petals ;  sometimes  crested  or  appendaged  in  the  throat. 
Stamens  5,  epipetalous  and  alternate  with  the  corolla- 
lobes.  Ovary  "superior";  usually  deeply  4-lobed,  in 


78  SPRING  FLORA 

fruit  separating  into  4  seed-like  nutlets.     Mature  fruit 
is  necessary  for  determination. 

Nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles 1.  Lappula 

Nutlets  unarmed. 

Calyx  membranous  and  much  enlarged  in  fruit  2.  A«perugo 
Calyx  neither  membranous  nor  much   enlarged. 

Corolla  tubular  or  funnelform;   blue 3.   Mertenwla 

Corolla   funnelform   or    rotate. 

Nutlets    erect,    attached   by    the   very 

base    4.   Uthospermum 

Nutlets   erect  or  oblique,   attached  above   the 
base,    borne    on    a    fruiting    receptacle 
(gynobase). 
Corolla     yellow     or     orange,     with     open 

naked    throat 5.   Amainckta 

Corolla  white  or  blue  with  throat  bearing 

more  or  less  prominent  swellings. 
Perennials;    corolla  white.  ...    6.   Oreocarya 
Annuals. 

Gynobase  elongate,  the  nutlets 
attached  by  at  least  %  of 

their    length 7.    Cryptuiithe 

Gynobase  low;  nutlets  oblique  or 
incurved,  attached  about 
the  middle  by  a  caruncle- 
like  process....  8.  Plagiobothrys 


1.      LAPPULA.      (Echinospermum).      Stickseed. 

Rough-hairy  and  grayish  annuals,  biennials  or  perennials, 
with  alternate  entire  leaves.  Inflorescence  a  raceme  or  spike, 
often  much  elongated.  Flowers  mostly  small;  blue  to  whitish. 
Corolla  short-saiverform  with  throat  closed  by  5  short  scales. 
Stamens  included.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed 
laterally  to  base  of  style,  and  armed  with  1-3  rows  of  barbed 
prickles. 

Perennial;  flowers  showy 1.  L.  subdecumbens 

Annual;  flowers  small..  .   2.  L.  Redovvskil 


1.  Lu  subdecumbens  (Parry)  A.  Nels.  Stems  ascending,  un- 
branched  up  to  the  inflorescence;  several  from  a  perennial 
root  (10-18  inches  high).  Basal  leaves  numerous;  grayish- 
hairy;  oblanceolate  or  spatulate;  obtuse  and  ciliate-margined, 
tapering  into  a  winged  petiole.  Stem-leaves  oblong;  sessile, 
the  upper  more  or  less  clasping.  Flowers  showy,  in  an  open 
raceme.  Calyx-lobes  oblong  and  obtuse.  Corolla  white,  usually 
tinged  with  blue;  blue-veined;  the  crests  in  throat  short-downy. 
Dry  plains  and  hillsides.  May-June.  Locally  called  "Wild 
Forget-me-not." 


la.  L..  subdecumbens  coerulescens    (Rydb.)      Differs  from   the 
species  in  the  long-hairy  crests  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  79 


2.  L.  Redowskii  occidental!;*  (Wats.)  Rydb.  (L.  occidentalis 
(Wats.)  Greene).  Beggar-ticks.  Erect.  4-12  inches  high,  at 
length  much  branched;  with  rough  or  hispid  pubescence.  Leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  lanceolate.  Racemes  leafy-bracted;  pedicels 
unequal  and  leafy;  longer,  but  not  twice  as  long,  as  fruit.  Cor- 
olla white  or  pale-blue.  Nutlets  irregularly  tuberculate,  the 
margins  armed  with  a  single  row  of  stout,  flattened  prickles. 
Dry  soil.  May-June. 

2.      ASPERUGO.     German  Madwort. 

Annual,  rough-bristly  procumbent  herbs.  Leaves  alternate, 
or  the  lowermost  opposite;  entire.  Flowers  small;  blue  or 
white,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  campanulate,  unequally 
5-cleft;  much  enlarged  in  fruit;  the  lobes  unequally  incised- 
dentate.  Stamens  5;  included;  epipetalous;  filaments  very 
short.  Ovary  4-divided;  style  short;  stigma  capitate.  Nutlets 
4;  erect;  laterally  attached  above  the  middle  of  the  elongated 
receptacle. 

1.  A.  procumbent  L.     Catchweed.     Stems  slender,  6-18   inches 
long;    very   rough    with   stiff   short   hairs.      Leaves   elliptical   or 
lanceolate.     Flowers   blue,   on    short   pedicels  recurved   in   fruit. 
Fruiting   calyx   dry   and   strongly   veined.      In   fields   and   waste 
places,    introduced.      May-August. 

3.      MERTENSIA.      Bluebells. 

Erect  leafy  perennial  herbs,  not  rough-hairy.  Leaves  al- 
ternate; entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lowermost  petioled.  -Inflor- 
escence a  cyme  or  panicle.  Flowers  showy,  from  purple  to 
blue  or  white;  funnelform  or  tubular.  Stigma  entire.  Ovary 
deeply  4-parted.  Nutlets  4,  rugose  at  maturity,  sessile  or 
obscurely  stipitate. 

Anthers  included;  leaves  obtuse 1.  M.  brevistyla 

Anthers  exserted;  leaves  acute 2.  M.  foliosa 

1  M.  brevistyla  Wats.  All  but  the  lower  surface  of  leaves 
pubescent  with  short  appressed  rigid  hairs;  4-10  inches  high. 
Leaves  elliptical  to  elliptical-lanceolate,  obtuse.  Flowers  in  a 
loose  panicle.  Calyx  5-cleft,  very  hirsute.  Corolla  blue,  its 
tube  but  slightly  longer  than  calyx,  naked  within.  Anthers 
inserted  near  the  base  of  tube.  Style  very  short.  (This  species 
is  held  by  some  authorities  to  be  a  variety  of  M.  alpina  Don.) 
In  mountain  valleys.  May-June.  6,000-7,000  ft. 

2.  M.   foliosa   A.    Nelson.      Perennial    and    1-several    stemmed 
from  a  vertical  rootstalk;  8-12  inches  high.     Leaves  thick;  gla- 
brous; the  basal  ones  numerous,  elliptical  to  oblong,  on  slender 
petioles    1-2    times    as    long;    stem-leaves    crowded,    sessile,    ob- 
lanceolate    or    becoming    lanceolate    toward    the    top.       Inflor- 
escence paniculate,  the  leafy  bracts   lanceolate.     Corolla  rather 
large,    its    tube    longer    than    the    limb;     throat    conspicuously 
crested.     On  the  rocky  slopes  of  the  foothills.     April-May. 

4.      L.ITHOSPERMUM.     Puccoon. 

Herbs  with  erect  and  pubescent  or  hairy  stems.  Leaves 
alternate;  entire;  their  veins  usually  indistinct.  Inflorescence 
leafy-bracted;  racemose,  spicate  or  panicled.  Flowers  white, 
yellow  or  •  blue.  Calyx  narrowly  5-parted  or  cleft.  Corolla 
5-lobed;  funnelform  or  salverform.  Stamens  5,  included,  borne 


80  SPRING  FLORA 


on  corolla-throat;  filaments  short.  Ovary  4-divided;  style 
slender;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Nutlets  4,  erect;  often 
white  and  shining-;  attached  by  their  bases. 

Annual;  flowers  dirty-white 1.  i«.  arvense 

Perennial;   flowers  yellow  or  yellowish. 

Corolla-tube  not  crested 2.   L,.  pilosum 

Corolla-tube  prominently  crested 3.  L..  augustifolium 

1.  L,.   arvense   L,      Corn   Gromwell.      Annual    or    biennial,    ap- 
pressed-pubescent;  6-20  inches  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  nar- 
rowly elliptical;  mostly  sessile.    Flowers  in  loose  spikes.    Calyx- 
segments  longer  than  the  corolla-tube  or  equalling  it.     Corolla 
funnelform;  puberulent  in  the  throat.     Nutlets  brown.     In  fields 
and  waste  places,  often  in  patches.     April-August.     Introduced. 

2.  Li.    pilosum    Nutt.      Perennial    from    thick    roots;    hirsute. 
Stems    several    from    one    root;    very    leafy;     8-18    inches    high. 
Leaves  narrowly   lanceolate;  alternate   (%);   acuminate;   sessile. 
Flowers     faintly    perfumed;     dull-yellow;     in     a     terminal     and 
crowded  panicle.     Calyx-segments  densely  hirsute,  shorter  than 
corolla-tube.      Corolla  salverform;    with   scattered  hairs   on   the 
outside.       Styles     longer     than     the    filaments.       Nutlets    ovoid, 
acute;   bluish-white  and  shining.     Dry  fields.      April-June. 

3.  L..  angustifoliiim  Michx.     (L.  linearifolium  Goldie).     Indian 
Paint.     Perennial   and   tufted   from  a  deep   root;    minutely   stri- 
gose-pubescent,     branched;     6-24     inches    high.      Leaves    linear, 
sessile.      The  earlier  flowers  showy  with  bright  yellow  salver- 
form  corolla,   their  lobes  fringed  and  their  tubes  3-5  times  the 
length   of  the   calyx-segments;    the  later  flowers  inconspicuous 
and    cleistpgamous    with    recurved    pedicels    in    fruit.      Nutlets 
ovoid;   white,   smooth   and   shining.      In   dry   soil.      April- July. 

5.      AMSINCKIA. 

Rough-hairy  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves.  Inflor- 
escence racemose  or  spicate.  Flowers  yellow  or  orange.  Calyx- 
lobes  5  or  sometimes  4.  Corolla  salverform,  without  crests  or 
processes.  Filaments  very  short.  Style  filiform,  included. 
Nutlets  4,  smooth  or  rough;  atached  to  the  style  to  above  the 
middle. 

Calyx-lobes  linear,  acuminate 1.  A.  intermedia 

Calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse.  .1 2.  A.  tesselata 

1.  A.  intermedia  F.    &  M.      Erect,   often   much -branched,    1-3 
ft.    high;    stems    and    branches    with    scattered    white    bristles. 
Leaves    oblong-lanceolate    to    linear;    obscurely   veined;    densely 
hispid-bristly.      Inflorescence    at    first    corymbose    at    top,    but 
lengthening   into   a    leafy    raceme,    which    becomes    5-10    inches 
long;    peduncled;    covered   with    curved   stiff  hairs.      Calyx-seg- 
ments rusty-hispid.     Nutlets  muricate-scabrous;  much  incurved. 
In  waste  places,   especially   around   trash-piles.     May-June. 

2.  A.    tesselata    Gray.      Erect,    coarsely   hispid,    1-2    ft.    high. 
Leaves    linear    to    oblong-lanceolate.      Spikes    loose;    5-6    inches 
long  when   fully  developed.      Sepals   3    (1  narrow  and  2   broad); 
rusty-hispid,    enlarged    in    fruit.      Nutlets    abruptly    acute;    not 
keeled,    but    flattish    on    the    back;    their    surfaces    resembling 
cobblestone  pavements.     Same  habitat  and  time  of  flowering  as 
No.  1. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  81 


6.     OREOCARYA.     (Krynitskia  in  part). 

Rough -bristly  biennials  or  perennials  from  woody  roots. 
Inflorescence  thyrsoid  or  racemose-paniculate.  Flowers  salver- 
form;  white  or  yellow,  crested  in  the  throat.  Stamens  included. 
Style  mostly  short.  'Ovary  deeply  4-lobed.  Nutlets  4,  attached 
laterally  to  an  awl-shaped  prolongation  of  the  receptacle. 

1.  O.  sericea  (Gray)  Greene.  Cats'  Eyes.  Loosely  tufted,  a 
span  high  or  less,  with  short  branches;  the  dead  leaf-bases 
conspicuous.  Leaves  crowded  on  the  crowns,  spatulate  to  nar- 
rowly obovate;  basal  or  alternate,  the  latter  sessile.  Inflor- 
escence at  first  crowded,  with  tawny-yellow  pubescence.  Cor- 
olla white,  with  yellow  throat  and  crests.  Nutlets  oblong- 
ovate,  with  small  tubercles  on  the  back.  Dry  hillsides. 
April-June.  4,500-6.000  ft. 


7.     CRYPTANTHE. 

Simple-branched  annuals  usually  with  sessile  white  flowers. 
Inflorescence  mostly  scorpioid-spicate.  Calyx  5-parted  to  the 
base,  closed  in  fruit;  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube.  Nutlets 
usually  4,  but  sometimes  less;  never  rugose;  attached  to  gyno- 
base  at  the  middle  or  wholly  to  apex  along  scar. 

1.  C.  Torreyana  (Gray)  Greene.  Erect;  white-hairy; 
branched  from  the  middle  and  sometimes  from  the  base.  Spikes 
commonly  elongated,  loose  below;  often  in  pairs.  Nutlets  ovate 
and  acute;  the  groove  forked  at  base,  the  fork  sometimes 
minute.  In  dry  ground.  May-June. 


8.     PLAGIOBOTHRYS.     Pop-corn  Flower. 

Annuals  with  erect  or  decumbent  elongated  branches. 
Leaves  mostly  in  a  close  rosette.  Racemes  spike-like  and 
loose;  with  or  without  bracts.  Pedicels  thread-like;  very 
short,  persistent.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted;  soft-pubescent 
with  rusty  hairs,  especially  when  young.  Corolla  short,  white, 
with  crests  or  processes  usually  at  the  mouth  of  the  thfoat. 
Nutlets  roughened  on  the  back. 

1.  P.  tenellus  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.  Branching  at  or  near  the 
base,  3-7  inches  high.  Basal  leaves  oblong  and  obtuse  or  acute; 
stem-leaves  few,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate.  Flowers  few.  Calyx 
deeply  cleft,  sometimes  imperfectly  circumscissile.  Nutlets 
small;  shining  and  enamel-like  on  the  back.  Dry  plains.  May. 


VERBENACE-ffi.    Verbena  Family. 

Herbs  with  exstipulate  and  usually  opposite  leaves. 
Flowers  complete.  Calyx  4-5-parted.  Corolla  4-5- 
cleft ;  2-lipped1  or  sometimes  regular.  Stamens  didyna- 
mous  or  rarely  diandrous,  borne  on  the  corolla-lobes 
and  alternate  with  them.  Pistil  consists  of  1  terminal 
style,  1  or  2  stigmas  and  a  "superior"  2-4-celled  ovary, 
ripening  into  2-4  seed-like  nutlets. 


82  SPRING  FLORA 


1.     VERBENA.     Vervain. 

Inflorescence  spicate  or  capitate.  Calyx' tubular,  5-angled 
and  more  or  less  unequally  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  salver- 
shaped.  Stamens  4,  included;  the  upper  2  often  without  an- 
thers. Ovary  not  lobed;  splitting1  when  ripe  into  4  nutlets. 

1.  V.  bracteosa  Michx.  Decumbent;  coarsely  hairy;  at  length 
radiately  much-branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  wedge-lance- 
olate, cut-pinnatifid  or  3-cleft;  short-petioled.  Spike  dense, 
with  leafy  bracts.  Flowers  small;  blue  or  purple;  shorter  than 
bracts.  Dry  ground.  June-September. 

LABIATE.     Mint  Family. 

Herbs,  mostly  aromatic,  with  square  stems  and  op- 
posite exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  complete.  Calyx 
4-5-toothed;  2-lipped  or  regular.  Corolla  2-lipped  or 
regular.  Stamens  didynamous  or  rarely  2  with  or  with- 
out staminodia ;  borne  on  corolla-tube  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes.  Style  2-lobed.  Ovary  "superior,"  4- 
lobed  or  4-parted,  ripening  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets. 

Style   and   stamens    exserted. 

Upper  pair  of  stamens  the   longer. 

Leaves  with   crenate-dentate  margins   and  heart- 
shaped  bases 1.  Nepeta 

Leaves    with    sharply-serrate    margins    and    acute 

bases    2.   Dracoeephalum 

Upper  pair   of   stamens  the   shorter. 

Calyx   2-lipped 3.  Prunella 

Calyx  regular  or  nearly  so 4.  Lamiuiu 

Style  and  stamens  included 5.   Marrubium 

1.      NEPETA.      Catnip. 

Strong-smelling  herbs  with  the  flowers  whorled,  the  whorls 
forming  interrupted  terminal  spikes.  Corolla-tube  dilated 
above,  the  limb  distinctly  2-lipped. 

1.  N.  Cataria  L.  An  erect  branched  perennial,  1-3  ft.  high. 
Corolla  bluish  or  whitish,  spotted  with  lavender.  Calyx-teeth 
subulate,  all  about  of  the  same  length.  In  waste  places.  June- 
October.  Introduced. 

2.      DRACOCEPHALTJM.      Dragon -head. 

Herbs,  with  inflorescence  spiked  or  capitate  in  many- 
flowered  leafy-bracted  whorls.  Calyx  tubular;  unequally  5- 
tpothed  (the  upper  teeth  very  large),  and  13-15-nerved.  Upper 
lip  of  corolla  notched  and  concave;  lower  lip  3-cleft,  with 
middle  division  largest  and  notched  at  end.  Stamens  4;  anther- 
cells  divergent.  Ovary  deeply  4-parted. 

l.D.  parviflorum  Nutt.  Rather  stout  and  coarse;  pubescent; 
stem  erect,  biennial,  6-20  inches  high.  Leaves  petioled;  lance- 
olate or  elliptical;  incisely  dentate  or  pinnatifid.  Bracts  awn- 
toothed.  Corolla  bluish  or  pinkish;  slender,  but  little  longer 
than  calyx,  May-August, 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION 


3.      PRUNELLA.      (Brunella.)      Self-heal;    All-heal. 

Perennials,  with  smooth  and  unbranched  or  sometimes 
branched  stems.  Leaves  petioled.  Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped, 
sometimes  10-ribbed;  upper  lip  broadly  3-toothed,  the  teeth 
short;  lower  lip  with  2  longer  teeth;  closed  in  fruit.  Upper 
lip  of  corolla  upright,  arched  and  entire;  lower  lip  spreading, 
reflexed,  3-cleft  and  fringed.  Stamens  didynamous,  each  2- 
toothed  at  apex  of  filament,  with  only  1  tooth  anther-bearing; 
the  lower  pair  the  longer.  Ovary  4-parted. 

1.  P.  vulgarls  L.  Carpenter-weed.  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
entire  or  toothed;  smooth  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs.  Calyx 
purplish  or  green;  shorter  than  corolla.  Corolla  purplish,  bluish 
or  sometimes  white.  In  grassy  places  near  streams.  May- 
October. 


4.     JLAMIUM.     Henbit;  Dead  Nettle. 

Leaves  crenate,  dentate  or  incised;  usually  cordate.  In- 
florescence terminal  or  axillary;  clustered.  Flowers  rather 
small;  white,  red  or  purplish.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with 
its  tube  longer  than  calyx,  its  limb  strongly  2-lipped.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous,  the  anterior  pair  the  longer;  anthers  2 -celled. 
Ovary  4-parted;  style  2-cleft,  the  branches  equal.  Nutlets 
smooth  or  tuberculate. 

Upper  leaves  sessile  or  clasping 1.  li.  ample.xicaule 

All  the  leaves  petioled 2.   L,.  imrpureiim 

1.  L.  amplexicaule  L.     Annual   or  biennial,. sparingly  pubes- 
cent.    Stems  slender,  weak,  branched,  6-18  inches  long.     Leaves 
round   or   nearly   so;    coarsely   crenate,   cordate   at   base.     Calyx 
pubescent,  its  teeth  acute.     Corolla  purplish  or  red,  the  middle 
lobe   of    the   lower   lip    notched   and    spotted    with    dark    purple; 
the   upper   lip    pubescent.      In   waste  places.      Introduced.      Feb- 
ruary-October. 

2.  It.  purpureum  L.     Calyx-teeth  narrowly  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, longer  than  the  tube.     Lateral  lobes  of  lower  lip  of  corolla 
reduced   to    1    or   2    short   teeth.      Otherwise    much    as    in    No.    1. 
Introduced.     April-October. 


5.      MARRUBIUM.     Horehound. 

Branching,  woolly  perennials.  Leaves  petioled,  crenate- 
toothed,  wrinkled.  Flowers  small,  in  compact  axillary  spikes. 
Calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved. 

1.  M.  vul&are  L.  Bitter-tasting  plant.  Stems  erect,  1-3  ft. 
high,  several  from  the  same  root.  Leaves  oval  to  round,  with 
obtuse  apex;  upper  surface  whitish  and  lower  surface  white- 
woolly.  Corolla  whitish.  Calyx-teeth  10,  becoming  hooks  in 
fruit.  In  waste  places.  Introduced.  May-September. 


84  SPRING   FLORA 


SOLANACE^.     Nightshade  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves. 
Flowers  regular,  sympetalous,  consisting  of  5  sepals, 
5  petals,  5  stamens  and  1  pistil.  Stigma  1;  style  1; 
ovary  1,  "superior,"  2-  (rarely  3-5-)  celled  with  axile 
placentae;  ripening  into  a  many-seeded  berry  or 
capsule. 

Corolla  wheel-shaped;  fruit  a  berry 1.  Solatium 

Corolla  salverform;  fruit  a  capsule 2.  Nicotiaau 

1.      SOL.ANTJM.     Nightshade. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  with  slender  roots.  Corolla  5-parted 
or  cleft.  Stamens  with  filaments  much  shorter  than  anthers; 
exserted.  Anthers  erect,  converging  around  the  style;  the 
pollen  discharged  through  an  opening  at  their  apex.  Fruit  a 
berry. 

1.  S.  triflorum  Nutt.  Cut-leaved  Nightshade.  Annual;  gla- 
brous or  sparingly-pubescent.  Leaves  pinnately-lobed  to  di- 
vided; 2-4  inches  long.  Inflorescence  axillary,  the  peduncles 
1-3-flowered.  Flowers  white,  small,  star-shaped.  Berry 
green,  even  when  mature.  In  waste  dry  grounds.  May-October. 

2.      NICOTIANA.      Tobacco. 

Herbs,  mostly  clammy  pubescent.  Flowers  in  racemes  or 
panicles.  Calyx  tubular;  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Stigma  capi- 
tate. Capsule  2-celled;  2-4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  small. 

1.  N.  attenuata  Torr.  Annual.  Stem  slender,  erect,  1-2  ft. 
high.  Leaves  petioled;  linear  or  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a 
long  point.  Corolla  greenish-white,  the  tube  1-1^  inches  long 
and  the  border  yz  inch  across.  Stamens  included.  Dry  sandy 
places.  June-September. 

SCEOPHTJLARIAJ3Kffi.     Figwort  Family. 

Herbs  (rarely  shrubs  ;x)r  trees)  with  exstipulate 
leaves.  Calyx  of  4-5  parts/  Corolla  2-lipped  or  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  didynamous,  diandrous,  or  some- 
times pentandrous ;  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes.  Pistil  1,  entire  or  2-lobed,  with  a  1-  or 
usually  2-celled  "superior"  ovary  bearing  numerous 
ovules  on  axile  placentae.  Fruit  usually  a  capsule. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  external  in  the  bud. 

Stamens   5.     I   being  a  sterile  filament  or  a  gland. 

Sterile   filament   conspicuous..- 1.    Pentstemon 

Sterile  filament  inconspicuous;   represented  by  a 

Gland  at  base   of  corolla 2.   Collinsia 

Scale  on  upper  side  of  corolla 3.   Scrophularia 

Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  calyx  prismatic..  4.  MimuluN 
Lower  lip  of  corolla  external  in  bud. 

Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  calyx  tubular.  .    5.  Castllleja 
Stamens  2  only 6.  Veronica 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  85 


1.      PBNTSTEMON.      Beard-tongue;    Foxglove, 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  (the  upper  sessile  and, 
mostly  clasping).  Inflorescence  terminal;  racemose,  cymose  or 
panicled.  Flowers  showy.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  2-lipped, 
more  or  less  inflated.  Stamens  5,  included;  4  being  didynamous, 
the  fifth  sterile  and  often  bearded;  anther-sacs  divergent  or 
confluent.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  septi- 
cidal.  Seeds  angled. 

Anther-cells   splitting  their  entire  length  or  nearly  so. 
Anther-cells     not    confluent. 

Stem   somewhat   stout;   leaves   broadly   lanceolate 

to  ovate  or  subcordate 1.  P.  cynnanthun 

Stem     strict,     rather     slender;     leaves     narrowly 

lanceolate    2.   P.  utahensis 

Anther-cells  confluent. 

Stems  glabrous 3.  P.  brevifolius 

Stems  puberulent  or  pubescent 4.  P.  collinua 

Anther-cells  splitting  only  at  apex;  their  bases  closed  and 

sac-like 5.  P.  Kingii 

1.  P.  cyanantlms  Hook.     (P.  glaber  cyananthus  Gray).     Blue 
Bells.      Stems   several   from   one   root,    8-24   inches   hign,    rather 
glaucous.      Basal    leaves     mostly    elliptical-ovate;     stem-leaves 
subcordate.       Panicle     thyrsoid,     dense,     many-flowered;     very 
showy.      Flowers    from    pale    to    dark    blue.      Sepals    narrow, 
acuminate.     Anthers  and  sterile  filament  from  hirsute  to  nearly 
glabrous.      On    hillsides    and    in    mountain    valleys.      May-July. 
4,500-9,000   ft. 

2.  P.  utahensis  (Gray)  A.  Nels.    (P.  glaber  utahensis  A.  Gray.) 
Stem  12-40  inches  high.     Basal  leaves  crowded,  on  long  petioles; 
stem-leaves  remote,  becoming  sessile   toward  the  apex.     Thyr- 
sus    elongated.       Sepals     ovate-acuminate,    narrowly     scarious- 
margined.     Anthers  and  sterile  filament  sparsely  bearded   with 
short   hairs.      Dry   rocky   soil.      June-July. 

3.  P.  brevifolius   (Gray)   A.  Nels.      (P.  humilus  brevifolius  A. 
Gray).     Stems   4-12   inches   high;   weak,   slender,   diffuse,  freely 
branching;    several    to    many    from    a    woody    caudex.       Basal 
leaves  numerous,   oblong  to  nearly  round,  with   entire  margins, 
on  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades;  stem-leaves  oblong-spatulate, 
nearly    sessile.       Inflorescence    obscurely     glandular-pubescent. 
Flowers    dark-blue.      In    clefts    of    rocks    in    mountains.      June- 
August. 

4.  P.  collinus  A.  Nelson.     Plant  caespitose.     Stems  8-16  inches 
high;    erect,    numerous,    from    a    matted,    much-branched    root- 
stalk.      Basal    leaves    numerous,    glabrous,    elliptic-oblong    with 
entire    margins,    on    slender    petioles    as    long    as    the    blades; 
stem-leaves   narrowly   oblong   or   spatulate   at   length   becoming 
bracts  above.     Thyrsus   strict,   interrupted.     Corolla   deep-blue. 
Gravelly  hills.      June-August. 

5.  P.   Kinuii   Wats.     Hoary   or   glandular-pubescent,   at   least 
below.      Stems   ascending;    4-20    inches   high;    numerous   from   a 
woody   base.     Lower   leaves   short-petioled,    spatulate    with    en- 
tire margins  and  acute  apex;  upper  leaves  sessile  and  oblance- 
olate   with    erose   margins    and   acuminate   apex.      Inflorescence 
somewhat     unilateral.        Corolla     lilac-purple,      short-bilabiate, 
dilated   above.      Anthers   glabrous,    but    hairy-margined;    sterile 
filament    glabrous    and    flattened    toward    the    apex.      Exposed 
cliffs   and    aiountain    sides.     June-July. 


86  SPRING  FLORA 


2.      COLLiINSIA.      Innocence;    Blue-eyed    Mary. 

Low  annuals  with  simple,  sessile  leaves.  Calyx  5-cleft. 
Corolla  declined;  deeply  2-lipped;  often  2-colored.  Stamens 
declined;  4  with  anthers,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  gland  at 
the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  long  and  thread-like,  the 
lower  pair  inserted  higher  on  the  corolla  than  the  others. 

1.  C.  tenella  (Pursh)  Piper.  (C.  parviflora  Dougl.)  Stem 
slender,  at  length  diffuse  or  spreading;  4-10  inches  high; 
minutely  downy.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptical;  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed;  opposite,  or  the  upper  sometimes  in  whorls 
of  3-5.  Pedicels  solitary  or  2-5  in  a  whorl;  mostly  axillary. 
Flowers  small.  Corolla  blue  or  whitish.  Gland  small;  capi- 
tate; short-stipitate.  In  shaded  moist  places,  especially  on 
mountain-sides.  April-June. 

3.  SCROPHULARIA.     Figwort. 

Coarse  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small,  pro- 
terogynous  flowers  in  loose,  terminal  cymes.  Calyx  5-cleft. 
Corolla  short;  lobes  5,  unequal  (4  erect  and  the  fifth  reflexed 
or  spreading).  Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a  scale  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  transverse, 
1-celled.  Capsule  ovoid  with  septicidal  dehiscence. 

1.  S.  occidcntalis  (Rydb.)  Bickn.  (S.  nodosa  occidentalis 
Rydb.)  Stems  stout,  square,  3-5  ft.  high;  glandular,  especially 
on  the  upper  part.  Leaves  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
the  base;  doubly  and  sharply  serrate.  Corolla  greenish;  gib- 
bous at  the  base.  Sterile  stamen  very  broad;  kidney-shaped 
on  a  claw.  June-August.  In  mountain  valleys  in  exposed, 
sunny  places. 

4.  MIMTJLUS.     Monkey-flower. 

Erect  or  decumbent  herbs,  mostly  hydrophytes.  Leaves  op- 
posite; usually  toothed.  Inflorescence  usually  solitary  in  the 
axils.  Flowers  often  showy;  peduncled.  Calyx  5-angled  and 
5-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped.  Stamens  didynamous;  not  inclosed 
in  the  upper  lip.  Stigmas  2-lobed. 

Flowers  about  1  inch  long;  upper  leaves  much  shorter 

than  peduncles 1.  M.  Langsdorfii 

Flowers  about  y2  inch  long;  leaves  not  shorter  than 

peduncles  2.  31.  glabratut* 

1.  M.    Langsdorfii    Donn.       (M.    luteus    L.;    M.    guttatus    DC.) 
Perennial    from    stolons.      Stems    smooth;    erect    or    sometimes 
decumbent    with    spreading    branches.      Stem-leaves    ovate;    the 
upper    much    shorter    than    the    peduncles    in    fruit;    sessile    or 
clasping;    the    lowermost    long-petioled.      Corolla    lemon-yellow, 
often  blotched  with   red  or  purple.     In   wet  places  near  springs 
and    streams.      June-September. 

2.  M.  glabratus  Jamesii  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.     (M,  Jamesii  T.  &  G.) 
Perennial  from  stolons.     Stems  smooth,  diffusely  spreading  and 
creeping.      Stem-leaves    sessile    or    nearly    so,    as    long    as    the 
peduncles;     roundish     or    obscurely    kidney-shaped.       Peduncles 
slender,    longer    than    the    calyx    in    fruit.      Corolla    yellow.      In 
swamps  and  clear  streams.     June-September. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  87 


5.      CASTILLEJA.     Indian   Paint  Brush. 

Herbs  (some  species  root-parasites),  sometimes  suffrutes- 
cent,  with  alternate  sessile  leaves.  Inflorescence  terminal; 
spicate  and  leafy-bracted.  Bracts  and  calyx  usually  bright- 
colored,  generally  with  red.  Calyx  tubular,  cleft  in  front  or 
behind  or  both;  the  lobes  entire  or  2-toothed.  Corolla  with  a 
2-lipped  limb:  the  upper  lip  arched,  entire,  enclosing  the  4 
didynamous  stamens;  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed.  Corolla  often 
pale-yellow  and  inconspicuous.  Anther-sacs  unequal;  the  outer 
attached  to  filament  by  its  middle,  the  inner  by  its  end. 

Leaves  and  bracts  cleft  into  linear  lobes 1.  C.  aiigustifolia 

Leaves  and  bracts  entire 2.   C.  mintata 

1.  C.  angmstifolia  (Nutt.)  G.  Don.     Painted  Cup;  Red  Feather; 
Mountain    Indian    Pink.      Stems    unbranched;    4-15    inches    high; 
several  from  a  long  yellow  root;  weak,  the  outer  ones  decum- 
bent; densely  pilose,  at  least  at  base.      Leaves  slender,   spread- 
ing.      Bracts    scarlet.      Calyx    about    equally    cleft    above    and 
below.      Galea    about    equalling    the    corolla-tube;    the   lip    very 
short.      Gravelly    soil    on    dry    plains    and    hillsides.      May-June. 
This  species  has  been  confused  with  C.  parviflora  Bong,  a  very 
distinct    species.      It    is    very   variable,    among    its    many    forms 
being: 

la.  C.  angustifolia  collina  (A.  Nels.)  Distinguished  from  the 
type  by  the  galea  being  longer  than  the  tube,  and  by  the  calyx 
being  less  deeply  cleft  above  than  below. 

2.  C.  minima  Dougl.     Stems  erect  from  a  short,  stout  caudex, 
1-2   ft.   high.     Leaves  glabrous,   rather  thin.      Spike  very   dense. 
Bracts    scarlet.      Galea    a    little    longer    than    the    corolla-tube. 
Same  habitat  and   time   of   flowering  as   preceding   species. 

2a.  C.  ininlata  chromosa  (A.  Nels.)  A  form  with  puberulent 
leaves. 


6.     VERONICA.     Speedwell. 

Herbs  with  opposite,  alternate  or  rarely  whorled  leaves. 
Inflorescence  terminal  or  axillary;  racemose,  spicate  or  soli- 
tary. Flowers  mostly  small.  Calyx  4  or  rarely  5-lobed.  Corolla 
blue,  pink  or  white;  nearly  regular.  Stamens  2;  divergent. 
Ovary  2-celled;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  com- 
pressed; emarginate,  obcordate  or  2-lobed. 

Perennials;    flowers   in   racemes,    mostly    opposite. 

Capsule  roundish;  racemes  axillary 1.  V.  Anagallis 

Capsule    strongly    flattened;    racemes    ter- 
minal     2.   V.   serpyllifolia 

Annuals;  flowers  axillary  and   solitary,   mostly  alternate. 

Flowers   short-pedicelled;   white 3.   V.   peregrlna 

Flowers  long-pedicelled;  blue 4.  V.  Tournefortii 

1.  V.  Anagallis  L.  Water  Speedwell.  Stem  smooth,  creep- 
Ing  and  rooting  at  the  base,  curving  upward  at  apex;  4-40 
inches  high.  Stem-leaves  opposite;  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate: 
acute;  entire  or  serrate;  petioled  or  sessile  and  mostly  clasping 
by  a  heart-shaped  base.  Petals  pale-blue,  longitudinally 
striped  wjth  purple.  Capsule  somewhat  flattened,  with  a 
shallow  notch  at  apex.  In  water  of  shallow  streams  from 
springs.  May-October. 


88  SPRING  FLORA 


2.  V.  serpyllifolia  L.     A  smooth,   slender-stemmed   perennial; 
much-branched  at  the  creeping  base;   2-5    inches  high.     Leaves 
opposite;  obscurely  crenate;  the  lowermost  petioled  and  round- 
ed, changing  upward  to  ovate  or  oblong,  and  finally  becoming 
bracts.     Flowers  white  or  pale-blue  with  darker  stripes.    Fruit 
broadly  kidney-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.     In  moist 
places.      May-Sept. 

3.  V.  peregrina  L.     Neckweed;    Purslane  Speedwell.     Smooth 
annual;    stems   erect,   much-branched,    4-9   inches   high.      Leaves 
mostly    alternate;    the   lowermost    petioled,    toothed;    the    upper 
ones    sessile,    oblong    and    entire.       Flowers    white     (or    rarely 
pink);  solitary  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils.     Capsule  round- 
heart-shaped,   usually  shorter  than  the  calyx.     In  moist  places. 
May-October. 

4.  V.    Toumefortii    C.    C.    Gmel.      (V.    byzantina    (S.    &    S.)    B. 
S.    P.:    V.    Buxbaumii    Tenore).      A   pubescent    annual    with    dif- 
fusely   branched    stems;    6-16    inches    high.      Leaves    ovate    or 
elliptical;      short-petioled;      mostly      crenate-dentate;      opposite 
below   and   alternate   above.      Flowers    solitary    in    the    axils    of 
the   leaves.      Corolla   showy;    sky-blue   or   sometimes   paler,    the 
upper  petals  darker  than   others.     Capsule  slightly  emarginate. 
Along   roadsides    and    in    fields.      May-September. 

OROBANCHACEJS.    Broom-rape  Family. 

Herbs  completely  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of  other 
plants,  and  hence  entirely  destitute  of  chlorophyll. 
Stems  erect,  from  nearly  white  to  brownish  or  purplish. 
Leaves  alternate,  reduced  to  appressed  scales.  Flowers 
complete ;  irregular ;  in  terminal,  bract ed  spikes.  Calyx 
of  4-5  united  sepals.  Corolla  2-lipped.  Stamens 
didynamous;  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes.  (A  fifth  rudimentary  stamen 
is  sometimes  present).  Ovary  "superior,"  1-celled, 
with  4  parietal  placentae,  ripening  into  a  capsule. 

1.      OROBANCHE.       (Aphyllon).       Cancer-root. 

Glandular  or  viscid-pubescent.  Flowers  long-peduncled, 
often  scape-like.  Calyx  nearly  equally  5-cleft.  Stamens  in- 
cluded; the  base  of  each  anther-cell  mucronate.  Stigmas 
shield-shaped. 

Corolla  conspicuously  2-lipped;  calyx-lobes  shorter  than 

tube  1.  O.  fasciculata 

Corolla  obscurely  2-lipped;  calyx-lobes  longer  than 

tube  2.  O.  unlflora 

1.  O.  fasciculata  Nutt.  (Aphyllon  fasciculatum  A.  Gray; 
Thalesia  fasciculata  (Nutt.)  Britton).  Stem  2-4  inches  high, 
densely  glandular-pubescent.  Peduncles  1-4  inches  long,  1- 
flowered.  Flowers  pale  yellowish  or  purplish,  with  darker 
spots  and  veins  of  the  same  color.  In  dry  sandy  or  gravelly 
soil,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  Artemesia,  Eriogonum.  and  other 
plants.  April-August. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  89 


2.  O.  uniflora  L.  (Thalesia  uniflora  (L.)  Britton;  Aphyllon 
uniflorum  A.  Gray).  Much  smaller  than  the  preceding  (usually 
an  inch  or  less  high);  the  scaly  stem  short  and  nearly  ^sub- 
terranean. Peduncles  1-4,  slender,  erect.  Flowers  an  inch 
long.  Calyx-lobes  usually  much  longer  than  tube;  acuminate. 
Corolla  white,  often  violet-tinged;  its  lobes  oboyate  and  rather 
large  for  the  size  of  the  plant;  obscurely  2-lipped;  its  tube 
curved.  Grassy  places  in  mountain  valleys.  April-August. 

BIGNONIACE-ffi.     Bignonia  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  woody  vines  with  large,  mostly  op- 
posite leaves.  Inflorescence  terminal  or  axillary. 
Flowers  mostly  showy ;  more  or  less  irregular.  Corolla 
of  5  united  petals.  Stamens  2  or  4,  borne  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers 
2-celled.  Ovary  mostly  2-celled.  Seeds  flat,  winged. 

1.      CATALPA. 

Trees  with  large,  simple,  petioled  leaves.  Corolla-tube 
swollen;  the  limb  2-lipped.  Capsule  brown;  2-celled;  cylin- 
drical, slender;  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  flat,  many, 
winged;  the  wings  fringed  at  the  ends. 

Lower  lobe  of  corolla  entire 1.  C.  bignonloides 

Lower  lobe  of  corolla  notched 2.  C.  speclosa 

1.  C.   bigmouioides   Walt.      (C.    Catalpa    (L.)    Karst.)      Indian 
Bean.      A    thin-barked    tree    with     spreading    branches;    60    ft. 
high    or    less.      Leaves    broadly    ovate;    entire    or    sometimes    3- 
lobed.       Flowers    many,     in    terminal,    erect    panicles.       Corolla 
white,    1-1^    inches    long,    densely    blotched    with    purple    and 
yellow;     its    tube    narrowly    bell-shaped.       Capsules     drooping; 
cylindric-fusiform;   about  a   foot  long.      Cultivated.      June-July. 

2.  C.  speciosa  Warder.     Candle-  or  Catawba-tree.     A  thick- 
barked    tree,    sometimes    over    100    ft.    high.      Leaves    broadly 
ovate;  usually  entire  and  acuminate.     Inflorescence  paniculate; 
few-flowered.      Corolla   2   inches    long;    white,   slightly   blotched 
with    purple   and   yellow   within;    its    tube    inflated-bell-shaped. 
Capsule  10-20  inches  long.     Cultivated.     May-June. 

ORDER  PL.ANTAGINALES. 

PLANTAGINACE-flE.     Plantain  Family. 

Acaulescent  or  short-stemmed  herbs  with  basal  and 
often  prominently  ribbed  leaves.  Inflorescence  spicate, 
or  rarely  solitary.  Flowers  inconspicuous;  perfect, 
polygamous  or  monoecious.  Calyx  of  4  united  sepals. 
Corolla  hypogynous,  scarious  or  membranous,  of  4 
united  petals.  Stamens  usually  4  (2  in  some  species), 
borne  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
Style  filiform.  Ovary  "superior,"  1-2-celled,  ripening 
into  a  transversely-splitting  capsule  or  an  indehiscent 
nutlet. 


90  SPRING  FLORA 


1.      PLANTAGO.      Plantain;    Rib-grass. 

Flowers  greenish  or  purplish,  in  terminal  scape-like  spikes 
or  heads.  Petals  veinless,  withering-persistent.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  ripening  into  a  transversely-splitting  capsule. 

Leaves    not    silky-pubescent;    introduced. 

Pod  8-18  seeded;  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate....   1.  P.  major 
Pod   2 -seeded;   leaves  lanceolate 2.  P.  lauceolata 

Leaves  silky-pubescent;   indigenous 3.   P.  Purs  hi  i 

1.  P.   major   L.      Common    Plantain.      Perennial.      Leaves    all 
basal;    glabrous    or    nearly    so;    ovate    and    usually    subcordate. 
Petioles    long,    channeled,    with    conspicuous    vascular    bundles. 
Spike     dense.       Flowers     perfect;     proterogynous.       Stamens     4. 
Capsule    circumscissile    near    the    middle.      Along    ditches    and 
in  moist  places.     May-September.     A  common   weed. 

2.  P.  lanceolata  L.     English   Plantain;   Rib-grass.     Perennial 
or    biennial,    usually    pubescent    with    scattered    hairs.      Leaves 
basal,    2-12    inches    long;    narrowly    elliptical-lanceolate.      Spike 
dense;     at    first    capitate,    then    becoming    cylindric.       Flowers 
perfect;    proterogynous.       Stamens    4.      Along    streams    and    in 
fields.      April-November. 

3.  P.    riirshii   R.    &   S.      (P.    Patagonica   gnaphalioides   Gray). 
Annual,     densely    woolly-    or    silky-pubescent.       Leaves    basal; 
broadly    linear;    acute    or   acuminate;    entire.      Flowers   perfect; 
heterogonous    and    sometimes    cleistogamous.      Sepals    scarious. 
Bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx.     Stamens  4.     Capsule  splitting 
to   discharge   the   seeds   at   or  near   its   middle.      On    dry   plains. 
May-August. 

ORDER  RUBIALES. 

RUBIACE-ffi.     Madder  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  (or  some  species  shrubs 
or  trees).  Leaves  connected  by  interposed  stipules,  or 
in  whorls  without  apparent  stipules.  Calyx  adnate  to 
the  ovary.  Corolla  regular,  of  4-5  united  lobes.  Sta- 
mens borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and 
alternate  with  them.  Style  simple  or  lobed.  Ovary 
1-10-celled,  ripening  into  a  capsule,  a  drupe  or  a  berry. 

1.     GALIUM.     Bedstraw;   Cleavers. 

Stems  slender,  4-angled  (with  a  woody  base  in  some 
species).  Leaves  apparently  whorled.  Inflorescence  axillary 
or  terminal;  mostly  cymose  or  paniculate.  Flowers  mostly 
inconspicuous;  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious.  Corolla  rotate,  4- 
lobed.  Stamens  4,  with  short  filaments  and  exserted  anthers. 
Styles  2,  short;  stigmas  capitate.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-seeded. 
Fruit  dry,  usually  in  pairs;  smooth  or  hooked. 

Annual;    leaves    in    fours,    the    alternate    ones    much    the 

smaller    1.   G.  bifolium 

Perennial;  leaves  in  sixes,  all  about  the  same  size  2.  G.  trlflorum 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  91 


1.  G.  bifolliim  Wats.     Stem  smooth,  erect,  but  little  branched; 
4-12  inches  high.     Leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate.     Flowers  per- 
fect: on  solitary,  naked  peduncles.     Fruit  hispid,   curved  down- 
ward at  the  end  of  the  peduncle.     In  light  shade  along  streams, 
often    in    dense    patches.       May-June. 

2.  G.    triflorum    Michx.       Sweet-scented     Bedstraw.       Stems 
weak;   bristly-roughened  backward  on  the  angles;   unbranched; 
1-3    ft.    long.      Leaves   1-nerved;    narrowly   elliptical    or    slightly 
oblanceolate,    cuspidate    at    the    apex.      Peduncles    terminal    and 
axillary;  3-flowered  or  branched  into  three  3-flowered  pedicels. 
Flowers    greenish.       Fruit    hispid    with     hooked    hairs.       Along 
mountain  streams   in   rich   soil.     May-August. 

CAPRIFOLIACEJE.     Honeysuckle  Family. 

Shrubs,  or  sometimes  herbs,  with  opposite,  usually 
exstipulate  leaves.  Inflorescence  mostly  cymose.  Calyx 
of  3-5  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  united  petals,  the 
tube  often  gibbous  at  the  base.  Stamens  5,  borne  on 
the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Style  slender. 
Stigma  capitate,  or  2-5-lobed,  Ovary  "inferior,"  1-6- 
celled,  ripening  into  a  1-6-celled  berry,  drupe  or 
capsule. 

Leaves  pinnately-compound;  corolla  mostly  rotate.   1.  Sambucua 

Leaves    simple. 

Corolla  bell-shaped;    regular 2.   Symphoricarpos 

Corolla  tubular;   irregular 3.   Lonicera 

1.      SAMBTJCUS.      Elderberry. 

More  or  less  tree-like  shrubs  with  smooth  bark  and  promi- 
nent pith  in  the  new  growth.  Leaves  large,  pinnately-com- 
pound; decussately-opposite;  leaflets  3-11,  serrate.  Inflor- 
escence a  compound  cyme  of  small  white  or  cream-colored, 
fragrant  flowers.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  ovary  3-5.  Fruit  a 
berry-like  drupe. 

1.  S.  decipiens  Jones.  Bushy  or  tree-like,  6-15  ft.  high,  some- 
times with  a  trunk  as  much  as  9  inches  in  diameter;  bark 
finely  fissured.  Winter  buds  small.  Leaves  glabrous,  with 
3-9  leaflets,  sharply  serrulate  except  the  abruptly  acuminate 
apex.  Cyme  flat-topped.  3-6  inches  broad.  Fruit  blue  with 
a  white  bloom.  In  mountain  valleys.  June-July.  (This  species 
has  heretofore  been  confused  with  S.  glauca  Nutt.) 

2.      SYMPHORICARPOS.      Buck   Bush;    Snowberry;   Waxberry. 

Bushy  shrtbs.  less  than  5  ft.  high.  Stems  erect  or  ascend- 
ing. Leaves  short-petiolecl.  Inflorescence  a  short  spike  or 
axillary.  Flowers  white  or  pink-tinged,  each  accompanied  by 
2  small  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  short.  Corolla  narrowly  bell- 
shaped  or  funnelform;  regularly  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  short. 
Ovary  4-celled,  only  2  of  the  cells  being  fertile.  Fruit  4-celled, 
but  2-seeded;  ovoid;  white  in  our  western  species. 

Leaves  decidedly   pubescent  beneath 1.    S.  rotundlfoliiis* 

Leaves  pubftrulent  or  glabrous  on  both  surfaces     2,  S.  vac<?in|oi<1e«i 


92  SPRING  FLORA 


1.  S.  rotiimlifolins  Gray.     Partridge  Berry.     Bush  3-4  ft.  high, 
much -branched;    often    puberulent.       Leaves    rotund    or    ovate- 
rotund;  obtuse;  entire  or  often  repand  or  the  lowermost  of  the 
branch   lobed;   very   pubescent.      Flowers    solitary   in   the    axils. 
Corolla    oblong-campanulate,    about     %     inch    long.      Mountain 
sides  and  valleys.     June. 

2.  S.     vaecinioldes     Rydb.        (S.     rotundifolius     vaccinioides 
(Rydb.)    A.    Nelson.)      Bush    2-4    ft.   high,   much -branched;    bark 
of    older    stems    grayish-brown    and    shreddy,    that    of    young 
branches     very     light    yellowish-brown    and     shining.       Leaves 
elliptical,   acute   at  both    ends;    dark-green    above   and   more   or 
less   glaucous    beneath.      Corolla   oblong-campanulate    or    cylin- 
dric-funnelform,  about   %    inch   long.     Seeds  slightly  acutish   at 
lower  end.     Same  habitat  and   time   of  flowering  as  No.    1. 

3.      LONICERA.      Honeysuckle;    Twinberry. 

Bushy  or  climbing  shrubs.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  showy; 
fragrant;  regular  or  2-lipped;  often  swollen  at  base.  Stigma 
capitate.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  ripening  into  a  many-seeded  berry. 

1.  TJ.  involucrata  Banks.  Black  Twinberry.  Stems  erect, 
branching;  4-7  ft.  high.  Leaves  glossy,  petioled;  2-5  inches 
long;  elliptical-lanceolate  to  ovate.  Peduncles  axillary;  each 
bearing  a  pair  of  opposite,  sessile,  nearly  regular  flowers. 
Each  pair  of  flowers  is  contained  in  a  2-bracted  involucre 
which  becomes  much  enlarged  and  reddish-purple  in  fruit. 
Corolla  yellowish,  or  the  outer  surface  sometimes  tinged  with 
red;  swollen  at  base;  viscid-pubescent.  Fruits  in  pairs,  blue- 
black;  globose;  not  palatable.  In  moist  mountain  valleys. 
6,000-9,000  ft.  May-June. 

VALERIANACE-ffi,     Valerian  Family. 

Herbs  with  opposite  and  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers 
usually  small;  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious ;  in 
corymbed,  panicled  or  capitate  cymes.  Corolla  tubular 
or  funnel-form;  somewhat  irregular;  mostly  5-lobed. 
Stamens;  1-4,  distinct ;  borne  on  the  corolla-tube.  Style 
slender;  stigmas  1-3.  Ovary  "inferior,"  1-3-celled,  but 
only  1  cell  fertile,  and  that  is  1-ovuled.  Fruit  inde- 
hiscent. 

Tall  perennials;   calyx-limb  plumose   in   fruit 1.   Valeriana 

Low    annuals    or    biennials;    calyx-limb,    if    present,    not 

plumose    2.    Valerianella 

t 
1.      VALERIANA.     Valerian. 

Herbs  with  ill-smelling  roots  and  basal  or  opposite  leaves. 
Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes. 

Stem   stout;    leaves   thick;    obscurely   netted- 

veined    1.  V.   ceratophylla 

Stem  weak;  leaves  thin;  distinctly  netted-veined.  .  2.  V.  acutlloba 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  93 


1.  V.    ceratophylla    (Hook.)    Piper.      (V.    edulis    Nutt.)      To- 
bacco   Root.      Sterns    smooth,    erect;    1-4    ft.    high    from    thick 
tap-roots.       Leaves     mostly     basal;     oblanceolate     to     spatulate, 
narrowed    into    a    long-margined    petiole;    entire    or    laciniate- 
pinnatifid.      Flowers    yellowish-white;    very    small;    polygamo- 
dioecious;   in  a  long,  slender,  interrupted  panicle.     Fruit  small. 
In    moist  places   in   mountain   valleys.     April-August. 

2.  V.  acutiloba  Rydb.     Perennial  from  a  horizontal  or  ascend- 
ing   rhizome.       Stems     12-20     in.     high.       Basal     leaves    entire, 
spatulate    or    obovate,    with    a    short,     wing-margined    petiole. 
Stem-leaves  usually  3  pairs  on  the  pistillate  plants  and  2  pairs 
on  the   staminate  ones;  pinnately  divided,   the  divisions  narrow 
and   long-acuminate.     Cyme  dense,   glandular-puberulent.     Cor- 
olla funnelform  with  very  short  tube.     Ovary  and  fruit  smooth. 
In    rather    dense    shade    in    rich    moist    soil    in    the    mountains. 
May -August. 

2.     VALERIANELLA.     Corn  Salad;  Lamb's  Lettuce. 

Dichotomously-branched.  Basal  leaves  tufted  and  entire; 
stem-leaves  sessile,  usually  dentate.  Calyx-limb  wanting  or 
nearly  so.  Corolla  white,  blue  or  pink;  its  tube  narrowed  at 
the  base.  Stamens  3.  Style  minutely  3-lobed  at  apex.  Ovary 
3-celled. 

1.  V.  macroccra  (Torr.  &  Gray)  A.  Gray.  (Plectritis  macro- 
cera  T.  &  G.)  Stem  slender,  3-8  inches  high;  unbranched  or 
slightly  branched.  Leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblong.  Spur  of 
corolla  longer  than  its  tube.  Fruit  with  conspicuous,  broad 
wings;  obscurely  keeled  on  back;  more  or  less  hispid.  In  dry 
soil.  May-June. 


ORDER  CAMPANULAl^ES. 

CAMPANULACEJE.     Bell-flower  Family. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  simple ;  alternate ; 
exstipulate.  Corolla  sympetalous,  regular,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5;  distinct.  Style  1,  usually  hairy  above; 
stigmas  2  or  more.  Ovary  ''inferior."  Capsule  2- 
several-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  SPECUL.ARIA.  (Legouzia).  Venus'  Looking  Glass. 
Annual.  Flowers  sessile;  axillary;  blue  or  purplish;  di- 
morphous (the  earlier  small  and  cleistogamous).  Calyx  5- 
(or  3-4-)  lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped.  Filaments  hairy, 
shorter  than  the  anthers.  Capsule  prismatic  or  slender-cylin- 
drical; 3-celled.  opening  by  3  lateral  valves. 

1.  S.  perfoliata  k(L.)  A.  DC.  (L.  perfoliata  (L.)  Britton). 
Erect,  somewhat  hairy.  %-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  roundish, 
clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base.  Flowers  solitary  or  2-3  in 
the  axils;  all  but  the  upper  ones  cleistogamous.  Capsule  ellip- 
soid, short,,  straight,  opening  at  or  below  the  middle.  Rather 
dry,  open,  stony  ground.  May-July. 


94  SPRING  FLORA 


COMPOSITE.     Composite  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (or  trees  in  some  tropical  genera). 
Leaves  exstipulate.  Inflorescence  a  close,  flower-like, 
involucrate  head,  which  is  solitary  or  corymbed  or 
cymose.  Flowers  on  a  common  receptacle,  all  alike  or 
of  2  kinds;  those  with  strap-shaped  corollas  (e.  g.?  the 
yellow  outside  petal-like  flowers  of  the  Sunflower,  or 
all  the  flowers  of  the  Dandelion)  are  called  ray-flowers, 
while  those  with  tubular  corollas  (the  brown  flowers 
forming  the  cushion-like  part  of  the  Sunflower)  are 
the  disk-flowers.  Calyx-limb,  if  present  (called  the 
pappus,  and  modified  usually  for  dispersion),  crown- 
ing the  summit  of  the  ovary  in  the  form  of  awns,  bris- 
tles, scales  or  teeth,  or  cup-shaped.  Corolla  5-lobed  or 
toothed.  Stamens  epipetalous ;  5  (or  rarely  4);  their 
anthers  united  in  a  tube  enclosing  the  2-cleft  style  (or 
nearly  distinct  in  some  of  the  tribe  Heliantheae). 
Ovary  "inferior,"  ripening  into  an  achene. 

For  illustrations  of  the  characters  of  anthers  and 
style-branches  in  the  different  tribes,  see  p.  Ill  of  Miss 
Eastwood's  Key  and  Flora  (published  with  the  Bergen 
series  of  botanies). 

Heads  consisting  of  ray-flowers  only;  plants  usually  with 

milky   juice.      (Subfamily   Ligulaeflorae). 
Flowers   pink    or    purple. 

Pappus-bristles   plumose 1.    Tragopogon 

Pappus-bristles   not  plumose . . 2.   Lygodeamla 

Flowers   yellow    (sometimes   purplish    on    outside). 

Pappus-bristles   plumose 3.    Microseris 

Pappus-bristles  simple. 

Leaves   all,    or   nearly   all,    basal;   heads    soli- 
tary,, scapose. 

Achenes   smooth    throughout 4.   Agoseri* 

Achenes        rough -spinulose        near        the 

apex     5.    Taraxacum 

Leafy-stemmed  plants;  heads  corymbose..   6.  Crepis 
Heads  consisting-  of  both  ray  and  disk-flowers  or  of  disk- 
flowers      only.        The      disk-flowers      are      perfect; 
ray-flowers    pistillate    or    neutral;     plants    usually 
without  milky  juice.      (Subfamily  Tubuliflorae.) 
Anthers  tailed  at  the   base. 

Heads    dioecious;     involucral    bracts    not     spiny- 
tipped    7.    Antennaria 

Heads  perfect;  involucral  bracts  spiny-tipped  8.  Cirsium 
Anthers  not  tailed  at  the  base. 
Ray-flowers   wanting. 

Stamens  nearly  distinct 9.  Iva 

Stamens   syngenesious. 

Shrubs    or    woody    herbs;    pappus 

capillary    10.    ChrysothaiimiiM 


OP  THE  WASATCH  REGION  95 


Herbs,   not  woody  ;•  pappus  wanting  or  scaly. 

Annual;  receptacle  very  convex 11.  Matriearia 

Perennial;   receptacle   flat 12.   Chaenactis 

Ray-flowers  present  and  pistillate. 
Rays    yellow. 

Leaves   opposite 13.   Arnica 

Leaves  alternate   (or  all   basal). 

Stems  usually  bearing1  a  single  head. 

Pappus    none 14.    Balsamorrhiza 

Pappus  a  deeply  lobed  crown 15.  Wyetlila 

Stems  bearing  more  than  a  single  head. 

Involucres    viscid 16.    Griiidella 

Involucres    not   viscid. 

All   of   stem-leaves   sessile.  .    17.    Chrysopsls 
Only  upper  stem-leaves  sessile.    18.  Seneclo 
Rays   white,   pink   or  purple. 
Rays    few    (4-15). 

Rays    4-5 19.    Acuillea 

Rays   8-15. 

Rays  wedge-shaped,   3-lobed 20.  Layiu 

Rays  linear;   minutely   5-toothed 21.   Aster 

Rays  many   (over  30) 22.   Erigeron 

1.      TRAGOPOGO1V.      Goats-beard. 

Smooth  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  from  fleshy  tap-roots. 
Leaves  entire,  sessile;  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  long 
point.  Heads  large;  yellow  or  purple.  Ray-flowers  truncate 
and  5-toothed;  their  pappus  of  plumose  bristles,  in  1  series. 
Disk-flowers  none.  Achenes  long-beaked,  at  least  all  but  the 
outermost. 

1.  T.  porrifollus  L.  Salsify;  Oyster-plant.  Tall  (2-4  ft. 
high).  Flowers  purple,  on  thick,  hollow  peduncles;  involucral 
bracts  usually  much  longer  than  the  rays.  Pappus  with  brown- 
ish hairs.  Escaped  from  cultivation.  June-October. 

2.      LYGODESMIA.      Rush   Pink. 

Smooth-stemmed,  rigid  and  branching  herbs  from  thick 
tap-roots.  Leaves  lin,ear,  becoming  reduced  to  scales  above. 
Heads  erect  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  solitary  or  sometimes 
racemose;  3-12-flowered.  Involucre  cylindric;  receptacle  flat; 
naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  apex.  Achenes  smooth 
or  striate. 

1.  L.  grandiflora  T.  &  G.  Stems  perennial;  simple  below, 
branched  above.  Heads  few,  more  than  an  inch  across,  each 
5-10-flowered.  Involucres  %-l  inch  high.  Pappus  light-brown. 
On  gravelly  hills.  4,300-7,000  ft.  June-July. 

3.     MICKOSERIS. 

Acaulescent  or  subacaulescent  herbs,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Heads  several  to  many  flowered,  on  simple  scape-like 
peduncles.  Flowers  yellow,  all  ligulate.  Corolla  mostly  with 
a  hairy  tube.  Pappus  white;  its  bristles  or  awns  plumose,  or 
naked  with  chaffy  base.  Achenes  8-10  ribbed. 

1.  M.  major  A.  Gray.  (Ptilocalais  major  (A.  Gray)  Greene). 
Leaves  entire.  Heads  on  long  peduncles,  nodding  in  the  bud. 
Pappus  of  plumose  bristles.  Achenes  truncate  at  the  apex, 
not  beaked.  Receptacle  naked.  Dry  gravelly  soil.  April-May. 
(Under  the  name  of  Ptilocalais  macrolepis,  Dr.  Rydberg  has 
recently  serrated  our  form  from  the  above.) 


96  SPRING   FLORA 


4.      AGOSBRIS.      (Troximon).      False   Dandelion. 

Herbs  with  mostly  basal  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  (some- 
times purplish  on  outside).  Bracts  of  the  bell-shaped  involu- 
cre imbricated.  Achenes  terete;  usually  distinctly  10-ribbed  or 
nerved;  expanding-  in  fruit  and  forming  a  globose  head;  beaked 
or  beakless.  Pappus-bristles  fine  and  copious,  capillary;  white 
or  nearly  so. 

Beak  of  achene   3-4  times  its  length 1.  A.  heterophylla 

Beak  about  as  long1  or  somewhat  longer  than  achene. 

Plants      low;      rays      purplish-tinged      on      the      out- 
side        2.  A.  arachnoidea 

Plants  tall;  rays  yellow  throughout 3.  A.  elata 

Beak  decidedly  shorter  than  achene. 
Leaves   smooth   at  least  in   age. 

Leaves   2-ranked 4.    A.   parviflora 

Leaves  not  2-ranked 5.  A.  glauca 

Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  even  in  age.  ...   6.  A.  villosa 

1.  A.     heterophylla      (Nutt.)      Greene.        (T.      heterophyllum 
Nutt.)      A    small    annual.      Leaves    all    basal    or    sometimes    al- 
ternate;   villous-pubescent;     linear    to    spatulate    or    elliptical; 
with    entire,    dentate   or   sinuate-pinnatifid    margins.      Peduncles 
slender,    4-12    inches    high;    often    several.      Heads    quite    small. 
Bracts    lanceolate;    acuminate.      Achenes    ribbed    on    the    inner 
surface  or  merely  nerved;   their  beaks  filiform.      Pappus  silky; 
white.     On  dry  plains  and  mountain   ridges.     May-June.     4.300- 
6,000    ft. 

2.  A.  arachnoidea  Rydb.     Perennial  from  a  tap-root,  more  or 
less  woolly  throughout.     Leaves  oblanceolate,  more  or  less  run- 
cinate-lobed,    long-acuminate;    densely    pubescent.      Heads    not 
more  than   %   inch  broad;  bracts  in  about  3  series,  long-acumi- 
nate.     Flowers    becoming    purplish    in    age.      Beak    as    long    as 
body  of  achene.     Grassy  plains.     May-June. 

3.  A.  elata    (Nutt.)    Greene.      (T.   elatum    (Nutt.)    A,   Nels.;    T. 
Nuttallii  A.  Gray).    Annual,  erect;  pubescence  sparse  and  hirsute 
or  none.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  the  lowest  pinnatifid;  densely 
pubescent.     Head  when  mature  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter; 
rays  large;  involucre  woolly.     Pappus  brownish.     Achenes  with 
beak   from    y2    to    %    inch   long.      Dry   gravelly   hillsides.      May- 
June. 

4.  A.  parvlflora    (Nutt.)    Dietr.      (T.   glaucum  parviflorum  A. 
Gray).     A  glabrous   perennial.     Leaves   narrowly   linear;   entire 
and    acuminate.      Scape    much    longer    than    leaves.      Head    not 
over  an  inch  broad.     Achenes  a.bout   14    inch   long.     Rather  dry 
plains.      May-July. 

5.  A.  glauca  (Pursh)   Greene.     (T.  glaucum  Pursh).     A  glau- 
cous   and    glabrous     perennial.       Leaves    linear,     lanceolate     or 
elliptical;   entire,   dentate  or  pinnatifid.     Scape  longer  than  the 
leaves.      Head   1-2   inches   broad.      Achenes   about    J/2    inch   long. 
Dry  plains.     May-July. 

5a.  A.  glauca  pumila  (Nutt.)  (Agoseris  Leontodon  Rydb.) 
Low  and  tufted;  pubescent  with  ashy-gray  hairs  when  young, 
but  becoming  glabrate  in  age.  Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline, 
more  or  less  laciniate-pinnatifid.  Outer  rays  usually  purplish 
on  the  outside.  Beak  striate  throughout.  Rather  dry  hills. 
May. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  97 


6.  A.  villosa  Rydb.  Stem  stout,  hairy  when  young1,  but  be- 
coming- nearly  smooth;  about  8  inches  high.  Leaves  broadly 
lanceolate,  entire  or  laciniately  toothed;  rather  thick;  long- 
hairy.  Heads  as  much  as  an  inch  in  diameter.  Involucre 
densely  hairy;  outer  bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  the  inner  lance- 
olate. Achenes  brown;  scarcely  striate. 

5.      TARAXACUM.      Dandelion. 

Perennial  herbs  from  a  deep,  thick  tap-root.  Leaves  all 
basal,  forming  a  rosette;  runcinate-pinnatifid  or  lyrate.  Scape 
naked  and  hollow.  Flowers  yellow;  involucre  reflexed  at 
maturity.  Pappus  soft  and  capillary,  neither  plumose  nor 
with  a  woolly  ring-  at  base;  in  fruit  expanded  and  raised  on  an 
elong-ated  beak. 

1.  T.  officinale  Weber.  (T.  Taraxacum  Karst;  T.  Dens- 
leonis  Desf.)  Leaves  usually  triangular-lobed.  Bracts  linear 
Achenes  abruptly  contracted  into  a  conical  or  pyramidal  apex, 
which  is  prolonged  into  a  filiform  beak  of  2  times  the  length 
of  the  achene.  On  lawns  and  in  waste  places;  a  very  trouble- 
some weed.  March-November. 

6.     CREPIS.     Hawks-beard. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  glabrous  or  sparingly 
tomentose.  Leaves  basal  or  alternate.  Involucre  of  a  single 
row  of  equal  bracts^  or  sometimes  with  smaller  ones  at  the 
base.  Flowers  yellow.  Achenes  usually  10-20  ribbed  or  stri- 
ate. Pappus  copious;  white  and  silky. 

Involucral   bracts   more   or  less   tomentose. 

Bristly   hairs   glandular 1.   C.  occidcntalls 

Bristly  hairs  not  glandular 2.  C.  scopulorum 

Involucre  smooth  and  glabrous 3.  C.  acumiiiata 

1.  C.  occidental!**  Nutt.     Perennial;   sparingly  tomentose  and 
often     glandular-hirsute    above,     especially     the     inflorescence. 
Stems  stout;  branching-;  one  or  several  from  a  strong  tap-root. 
Leaves    from    runcinately-toothed    to    pinnatafid,    more    or    less 
crisped   at   the   margins.     Involucre  with   a   set  of  small   bracts 
at   base.      Achenes    from    orange    to    brown,    10-18    striate.      Dry 
plains.     May-June. 

2.  C.  scopulorum  Coville.     Perennial,  4-16  inches  high.     Stem 
single,  or  rarely   2   from   the  same   caudex,   bearing   1-5   cymose 
heads.      Leaves    rather    firm;    cleft    almost    to    midrib,    the    di- 
visions linear-lanceolate  and  deeply  lobed  or  toothed.     Achenes 
usually   olive-green   and    not   ribbed  at  maturity.      Dry  hillsides, 
usually   near   their  summits.     May-June. 

3.  C.     acuminata     Nutt.       Perennial;     pubescence     minutely 
cinerous    below.       Stem    usually    single    from    a    tap-root,    un- 
branched   to   the  inflorescence;    1-3   ft.   high.      Leaves   elliptical- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  laciniate-pinnatifid,   slender-petiolecL     In- 
volucre    narrow-cylindric.       Flowers     5-10.       Achenes     beaked, 
faintly   striate.      In    lig-ht    shade    in    rich    soil    on    plains    and    in 
mountain     valleys.       June-July. 

7.     ANTENNARIA.     Everlasting. 

Perennial,  white-woolly  dioecious  or  polygamous  herbs. 
Leaves  basal  or  alternate,  entire.  Involucre  of  several  rows 
of  white,  pink  or  brown  scarious  scales.  Heads  small,  the 
flowers  all  tubular.  Flowers  whitish  on  a  naked  receptacle. 


98  SPRING  FLORA 


Pappus  of  capillary  bristles;  the  bristles  of  the  staminate 
flowers  more  or  less  thickened  above.  Achenes  oblong;  terete 
or  slightly  compressed. 

1.  A.  dimorpha  Torr.  &  Gray.  Two  inches  high  or  less, 
caespitose.  Leaves  forming  a  small  rosette;  spatulate.  Heads 
solitary  and  subsessile  at  the  crown,  or  raised  on  a  sparsely- 
leaved  stem.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  brownish.  Bristles  of 
staminate  flowers  scarcely  thickened  by  minute  barbs;  those 
of  fertile  flowers  long  and  smooth,  white.  Dry  plains.  April- 
June.  4,000-6,000  ft. 

8.      CIRSIUM.      (Carduus).      Thistle. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  sessile,  spiny-tipped  leaves.  Heads 
many-flowered;  involucres  much-imbricated;  outer  bracts  or 
all  of  them  spiny-tipped.  Flowers  (in  most  species)  all  per- 
fect; reddish-purple,  pink,  whitish  or  rarely  yellow.  Anthers 
long-appendaged  at  tip.  Receptacle  densely  bristly.  Pappus- 
bristles  plumose,  numerous,  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base. 

1.  C.  undulatum  (Nutt. )  Spreng.  Erect,  white-woolly 
throughout,  from  a  biennial  root;  1-4  ft.  high.  Leaves  partly 
clasping;  wavy-pinnatifid  or  sometimes  pinnately-parted  with 
lanceolate  or  triangular  lobes;  rather  prickly;  white-woolly 
on  both  sides.  Heads  single  at  the  end  of  the  branches; 
bracts  with  a  glandular  dorsal  ridge;  flowers  purplish  to  nearly 
white.  Dry  plains.  June-August. 

9.     IVA.     Marsh  Elder. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  thick  opposite(  or  the  upper 
alternate)  leaves.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Flowers  greenish, 
nodding,  perfect.  Involucre  of  a  few  rounded  bracts.  Marginal 
flowers  1-6.  pistillate,  fertile;  central  flowers  perfect  but 
sterile,  with  funnelform  corollas.  Anthers  scarcely  coherent. 

1.  I.  nxillaris  Pursh.  Perennial  by  woody  roots;  stems 
branched  or  unbranched.  Leaves  sessile;  obscurely  3-nerved; 
from  linear-oblong  to  obovate;  mostly  entire;  obtuse.  Heads 
solitary  in  the  axils,  short-peduncled.  In  alkaline  soil.  May- 
September. 

10.      CHRYSOTHAMNUS,       (Bigelovia).      Rabbit-brush. 

Shrubs  with  narrow,  entire  leaves.  Heads  with  5-30  yellow 
disk-flowers.  Style-branches  subulate  or  filiform,  usually  long- 
exserted.  Achenes  terete  or  slightly  angled;  narrow;  pubescent. 
Pappus  soft,  copius;  usually  dull- white. 

1.  C.  graveolens  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Rayless  Golden-rod.  Plant 
widely  bushy-branched,  green  and  smooth  or  nearly  so;  2-5  ft. 
high.  Leaves  numerous,  green  on  both  sides;  ascending,  linear, 
obscurely  3-nerved.  Flowers  orange-yellow;  heads  many  in 
a  rounded  cymose  corymb.  Dry  places.  June-August. 

11.      MATRICARIA.     Camomile. 

Herbs  with  finely  1-3-divided  leaves.  Heads  peduncled; 
with  white,  pistillate  rays  (in  some  species  wanting),  and 
yellow,  perfect  disk-flowers  on  an  elongated  conical  and  naked 
receptacle.  Achenes  3-5  ribbed.  Pappus  none. 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  99 


1.  M.  suaveolens  (Pursh)  Buchenau.  (M.  discoidea  DC.;  M. 
matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter).  Pine-apple  Weed;  Green  or 
Rayless  Dog-fennel.  Annual,  glabrous  and  homely  aromatic 
plants  with  a  very  leafy  and  at  length  much -branched  stem; 
6-18  inches  high.  Leaves  thickish;  2-3  pinnately-dissected  into 
linear  lobes;  rosette-forming  at  base.  Heads  numerous.  Rays 
none.  Achenes  faintly  nerved.  A  familiar  weed  of  waste 
places.  March -November. 

12.      CHAENACTIS. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  mostly  pinnately-dissected  leaves. 
Inflorescence  solitary  or  corymbose;  heads  bearing  disk-flowers 
only.  Bracts  in  1  series;  linear,  equal.  Flowers  yellowish  or 
tinged  with  pink.  Receptacle  flat.  Pappus  of  entire,  persistent 
nearly  transparent  scales.  Achenes  angled. 

1.  C.  Douglasii  H.  &  A.  Grayish -white  or  sometimes  gla- 
brate,  perennial;  6-12  inches  high  from  a  short  and  erect 
caudex.  Heads  corymbose,  short-peduncled. 

13.      ARNICA. 

Leaves  simple,  mostly  opposite.  Heads  many-flowered; 
usually  large  and  radiate;  solitary  or  corymbed.  Flowers  yel- 
low. Rays  (if  present)  pistillate.  Receptacle  flat.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  somewhat  rigid,  minutely  barbed  bristles. 

1.  A.  cordifolia  Hook.  Stem  6-24  inches  high,  more  or  less 
villous  and  glandular  above.  Basal  and  lower  stem-leaves 
strongly  heart-shaped  to  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  on  long 
petioles;  upper  stem-leaves  on  short  petioles  or  nearly  sessile. 
Heads  usually  solitary  (sometimes  2-8)  on  slender  peduncles. 
Involucral  bracts  villous;  lanceolate  to  oblong,  acuminate. 
Rays  about  15.  Achenes  minutely  barbed.  In  rich,  moist  soil 
in  mountain  valleys,  in  light  shade  or  in  exposed  places.  June- 
August.  6.000-11,000  ft. 

14.      BALSAMORRHIZA.      Balsam   Root. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  thick  tap-roots.  Leaves  mostly 
basal;  large  and  long-petioled.  Heads  large  and  showy,  mostly 
solitary  on  long  peduncles.  Involucre  broad,  the  outer  bracts 
leafy.  Rays  yellow,  each  with  a  distinct  tube,  pistillate. 
Achenes  without  pappus;  those  of  disk  4-angled. 

Leaves   sagittate   with   entire   margins 1.   B.  sagittata 

Leaves  pinnately  cleft,  parted  or  divided. 

Herbage  canescent 2.   B.  Hooker! 

Herbage   green;   glandular-viscid 3.   B.  macrophylla 

1.  B,    Knjurfttata    Nutt.      Arrow-leaved    Balsam    Root    or    "Big 
Sunflower."       Silyery-canescent;     the     involucre     white-woolly. 
Basal    leaves    entire;    hastate;    4-9    inches   long,    on    still    longer 
petioles;  cauline  few,  from  linear  to  spatulate.     Scape  at  length 
a  foot  or  more   high.     Rays    11-16.     From  a  woody  and   rough- 
barked    tap-root    often    3    feet    or    more    in    length.      Dry    hills. 
April-June.      4,000-6.000   ft. 

2.  B.    Hooker!    Nutt.       (B.    Balsamorrhiza     (Hook.)     Heller). 
Grayish -white    with    fine    hairs.      Root    fusiform    with    smooth 
bark;    8    inches    or    less    in    length.      Leaves    8-12    inches    long; 
lanceolate,    once    or    twice    pinnately-parted    into    lanceolate    or 
linear  lobes,  ,or  some  of  them  with   only  a  few  lobes  or  coarse 
teeth.      Dry"  gravelly    plains.      May. 


100  SPRING  FLORA 


3.  B.  mncrophylla  Nutt.  Green  and  glabrate.  slightly  glan- 
dular-viscid. Leaves  usually  large  (as  much  as  a  foot  long), 
ovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  pinnately-parted  into  broadly 
lanceolate  entire-margined  lobes.  Heads  large  on  scape-like 
and  leafy-bracted  peduncles  1-2  ft.  long.  In  rich  soil  in  moun- 
tain valleys.  June-August. 

15.      WYETHIA. 

Stout  perennial  simple-stemmed  herbs  with  large,  erect, 
alternate  leaves.  Heads  large;  usually  solitary.  Involucral 
bracts  imbricated  in  3  rows,  the  outer  ones  leafy.  Rays  long, 
yellow,  pistillate.  Receptacle  flat.  Pappus  with  a  chaffy 
crown. 

1.  W.  amplexicaulfg  Nutt.  1-2  ft.  high;  balsamic-viscid. 
Leaves  elliptical-lanceolate;  entire  or  denticulate;  the  basal 
often  a  foot  or  more  long.  Dry  hills,  often  in  immense 
"patches."  May-July.  4,500-7,000  ft. 

14.      GRINDELIA.      Gum    Plant. 

Coarse  biennial  or  perenial  herbs  (more  or  less  woody  at 
base).  Leaves  leathery;  alternate;  sessile  or  clasping;  spinu- 
lose-dentate.  Heads  many-flowered;  solitary  on  the  ends  of 
leafy  branches.  Bracts  of  the  hemispheric  involucre  imbricated 
in  several  series;  their  tips  slender  and  more  or  less  spreading 
or  recurved.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  (or  rarely  wanting). 
Disk-flowers  yellow;  perfect  or  sometimes  staminate  only. 
Pappus  of  2-8  deciduous  awns  or  bristles.  Achenes  4-5  ribbed. 

1.  G.  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal.  Glabrous,  erect  or  ascending, 
10-24  inches  high.  Leaves  obtuse;  linear-oblong  to  spatulate. 
Involucral  bracts  recurved  at  tips;  pappus-awns  2-3.  Achenes 
truncate,  not  toothed.  An  abundant  weed  of  dry  plains  and 
waste  places.  Jan. -Nov.  Locally  called  "Arnica." 

17.      CHRYSOPSIS.      Golden   Aster. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pubescence  from 
hispid  to  silky.  Leaves  alternate;  sessile;  entire  or  few- 
toothed.  Flowers  yellow,  in  many-flowered  heads.  Rays 
numerous  or  wanting;  pistillate  if  present.  Achenes  flattened, 
hairy.  Pappus  double;  that  of  the  outer  flowers  of  short  and 
somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  while  that  of  the  inner  is  of  long 
capillary  bristles. 

1.  C.  foliosa  Nutt.  (C.  villosa  foliosa  Eaton).  1-2  ft.  high, 
grayish -white  with  appressed  silky  pubescence.  Leaves  short, 
from  oblong  or  elliptical  to  lanceolate.  Heads  rather  numerous 
and  clustered.  Rays  numerous.  Dry  hillsides  and  plains.  June- 
July. 

18,      SENECIO.     Groundsel;   Ragwort;   Squaw-weed. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  (sometimes  woody).  Leaves  basal 
or  alternate.  Heads  solitary,  cymose  or  paniculate,  of  mostly 
yellow  flowers;  ray-flowers  wanting  or  pistillate  and  fertile; 
disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  with  tubular  corollas.  Pappus 
of  many  soft-capillary  bristles.  Involucre  usually  of  a  single 
row  of  equal,  erect  scales.  Receptacle  flat,  without  scales. 

Leaves  entire 1.  s.  perplexus 

Leaves    lobed    or   pinnatifid. 

Plant  glabrate;  leaves  light-green,  leathery.    2.   S.  uintahensis 
Plant     glabrous;      leaves     darker-green,     not     leath- 
ery       3.  s.  pscudaureiis 


OF  THE  WASATCH  REGION  101 


1.  S.  perplexus  di.xpar  A.  Nelson.      (S.  dispar  A.  Nels.)     Peren- 
nial   from    a    short    rootstalk,    which    produces    a    single,    erect, 
rather  stout  stern;   floccose-woolly   when   young,  but  becoming 
glabrate    in    age      Leaves    from    oblanceolate    or    broader    and 
petioled    to    triangular    and    sessile    above;    entire    or    minutely 
dentate;  usually  leathery.     Inflorescence  with  a  short-peduncled 
terminal  head  and  long-peduncled  lateral  heads.    Bracts  usually 
black-tipped.      In    moist,    rich    soil.      5.500-10,500    ft.      May-Aug. 

2.  S.    uintahensis    (A.    Nels.)    Greene.      An    erect    perennial. 
Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  divided,  the  lobes  irregularly 
and    incisely   dentate;    stem-leaves    fewer,    similar   to   the    basal 
but    on    shorter    petioles    toward    the    top    until    finally    sessile. 
Bracts    thin,    black-tipped.       Dry,    gravelly    plains    and    i'n    the 
mountains.     May-August.     4.500-9,000  ft. 

3.  S.  pseudaureus  Rydb.     Stems  a  foot  high  or  less;  glabrous 
and    glaucescent,    from    a    branching    caudex.      Leaves    obovate 
in    outline,    coarsely    serrate,    about   an    inch    long;    tapering    to 
the    long,    slender    petioles.      Heads    in    a    close    terminal    flat- 
topped  corymb.      Bracts  linear,  abruptly  acuminate.     Rays  few, 
golden-yellow.        In     light     shade     near     streams.        May-June. 
5.000-7.000    ft. 

19.      ACHIL.L.EA.      Yarrow;   Milfoil. 

Strong-scented  herbs,  usually  with  unbranched  stems; 
perennial  from  slender  rhizomes.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately 
dissected.  Heads  many;  corymbose.  Flowers  small;  ray-flowers 
4-5;  pistillate,  white  or  pinkish,  short;  disk-flowers  yellow.  In- 
volucre several  rows  of  small,  narrow  scales.  Pappus  none. 
Achenes  flattened,  margined.  Receptacle  chaffy. 

1.  A.  millefolium  L.  Stem  simple  or  sometimes  branched 
above;  pubescence  arachnoid  or  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  lance- 
olate in  outline,  bipinnately  dissected  into  many  small  linear 
segments.  Corymbs  cymose,  flat-topped,  very  compound.  In- 
volucral  bracts  green,  becoming  brownish-margined  when  the 
plant  is  growing  in  exposed  places.  May-September. 

la.  A.  millefolium  Innulosa  (Nutt.)  Piper.  (A,  lanulosa 
Nutt.)  Distinguished  from  the  type  by  the  decidedly  convex 
corymb,  by  the  woolly  pubescence  of  the  herbage,  and  by  the 
uniformly  green  bracts. 

Ib.  A.  millefolium  alpicola  (Rydb.)  is  like  A.  millefolium  lan- 
ulosa except  that  it  has  dark-brown  or  almost  black  involucral 
bracts.  It  grows  at  high  altitudes  (11,000-12,000  ft.)  All 
possible  intergradations  between  these  forms  can  be  found. 

20.     L.AYIA.     (Blepharipappus). 

Annuals,  with  alternate  leaves  and  usually  showy  flowers 
in  terminal  heads.  Bracts  herbaceous.  Ray-flowers  8-20; 
white  or  yellow;  pistillate;  the  rays  3-toothed  or  lobed.  Disk- 
flowers  yellow.  Ray-achenes  flattened  and  without  pappus; 
those  of  the  disk-flowers  with  a  pappus  of  5-20  capillary 
bristles. 

1.  L,.  ui:in<iiiios:i  H.  &  A,  (Blepharipappus  glandulosus 
Hook.)  Branching  from  the  base;  8-14  inches  high.  Leaves 
(and  stems)  with  dark  stipitate  glands,  especially  near  the 
flowers;  linear  or  lanceolate;  the  lower  pinnatifid  or  toothed, 
the  upper  entire.  Rays  large  and  conspicuous;  clear  white  (or 
rose-tinged).  On  dry  plains,  often  under  sage-brush.  May- 
June.  Locally  called  "Daisy." 


102  SPRING   FLORA 


21.      ASTER. 

Mostly  perennial,  branching  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Heads 
many-flowered;  usually  corymbose  or  panicled.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  firm;  more  or  less  imbricated.  Ray-flowers  pistillate; 
white,  blue  or  purple.  Disk-flowers  perfect;  usually  yellow, 
changing"  to  red,  brown  or  purple.  Pappus  mostly  of  simple, 
capillary  bristles.  Achenes  more  or  less  flattened. 

1.  A.  ericaefolius  Rothrock.  (Leucelene  ericqides  (Tqrr.) 
Greene).  Stems  several  from  deep  roots;  3-12  inches  high; 
canescent  and  glandular-scabrous.  Leaves  hispid-ciliate; 
spatulate;  narrowing  at  base.  Rays  12-15,  white  or  drying  to 
red.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  white.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
slender  white  bristles.  Dry  plains  and  hillsides.  May-August. 

22.      ERIGERON.      Flea-bane. 

Herbs  with  entire  or  toothed,  usually  sessile  leaves.  Heads 
solitary  or  corj^mbose.  Involucral  bracts  narrow,  equal,  im- 
bricated, usually  in  1  row;  seldom  leathery  or  green-tipped. 
Ray-flowers  narrow;  white,  violet  or  purple;  usually  very 
many;  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  not  fading  to  purple. 
Pappus  scanty,  of  dull-white  bristles.  A  genus  much  resem- 
bling Aster,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  involucral 
bracts  and  the  constant  color  of  the  disk-flowers. 

Ray-flowers   inconspicuous 1.   E.  minor 

Ray-flowers    conspicuous. 

Perennials;   heads   large,   rays   white. 

Pappus   double. 2.   E.    uumilus 

Pappus    single 3.    E.   Engelmannii 

Annual  or  biennial;  heads  many,  small;   rays  colored. 

Rays  about  100;  pappus  double 4.  E.  diver-gens 

Rays  30-65;  pappus  single 5.  E.  Bellidiastrum 

1.  E.    minor    (Hook.)    Rydb.      Stems    weak,    hairy,    branched, 
5-12    inches   high;    often    several    from    the    same    root.      Leaves 
entire,    those   of   the   stem   sessile.      Bracts   or    involucre   narrow, 
abruptly   acute,  never  glandular.     Rays   white.      Wet   meadows. 
June-August. 

2.  E.    [Himilu.s   Nutt.      "Wild   Daisy."      Perennial   from   a   tap- 
root; a  foot  or  less  high,   conspicuously  hispid   or   hirsute  with 
spreading  bristly  hairs.     Leaves  petioled   or   upper  stem  leaves 
sessile;   from  linear-spatulate  to   lanceolate    (the  upper   linear), 
entire.     Involucre  hispid.     Rays  50-80.     Achenes  pubescent.     Dry 
gravelly   plains.      May-July. 

3.  E.  Engelmannii  A.   Nels.      Stem   slender,   ascending,    weak, 
several    from    the    same    root.      Leaves    many,    linear,    slender- 
petioled,  1-nerved.     Heads  1-3   on  each  stem  smaller  than  those 
of   No.    2.      Bracts    ciliolate.      Rays    about    40.      Hillsides.      May- 
June. 

4.  E.  divergens  T.  &  G.     Stems  several  from  a  stout  tap-root, 
6-15     inches     high,     diffusely     branched     above;     densely     ashy- 
pubescent  or  hirsute.     Heads  numerous,  slender-pedicelled,    y2-l 
inch  broad.     Raj's  narrow,  about  100;  purplish   or  violet.     Pap- 
pus double. 

5.  E.  Bellidiastmm  Nutt.     A  much-branched   grayish-pubes- 
cent annual,  about  a  foot  high.     Leaves  spatulate.     Heads  small, 
numerous,    with    lilac    or    light-bluish    rays.      Dry    sandy    plains. 
May-June. 


INDEX. 


Abies,   3. 
Abronia,  19. 
Acer,    55. 
Aceracese,  55. 
Achillea,    101. 
Actaea,  24. 
Agoseris,    96. 
Allionia,    19. 
Allium,    7. 
Alnus,    12. 
Alsine,   20. 
Alyssum,    32. 
Amelanchier,    46. 
Amsinckia,   80. 
Anacardiacea:,    54. 
Androsace,    70. 
Anogra,    63. 
Antennaria,   97. 
Aphyllon,    88. 
Aquilegia,    24. 
Arabis,    33. 
Arenaria,  21. 
Argemone,    27. 
Arnica,    99. 
Asclepediacese,    71. 
Asclepediadora,    72. 
Asclepias,    72. 
Asperugo,    79. 
Aster,   102. 
Astragalus,    49. 
Atragene,    26. 
Atriplex,   18. 
Aulospermum,   68. 
Balsamorrhiza,   99. 
Batrachium,   26. 
Berberidaceae,    27. 
Berberis,   27. 
Betula,   12. 
Betulacese,   12. 
Bicuculla,    28. 
Bigelovia,   98. 
Bignoniaceae,  89. 
Blepharipappus,  101. 
Boraginaceae,    77. 


Bossekia,   43. 
Brassica,  37. 
Brodiaea,    6. 
Brunella,    82. 
Bursa,    32. 
Cactaceae,    61. 
Calochortus,   6. 
Camassia,  8. 
Camelina,    34. 
Campanulaceae,    5)8. 
Capnoides,    28. 
Capnorea,   76. 
Caprifoliacese,  91. 
Capsella,   32. 
Cardamine,    34. 
Carduus,   98. 
Caryophyllacese,    .19. 
Castilleja,   87. 
Catalpa,   89. 
Caulanthus,   36. 
Celastraceae,   55. 
Celtis,   15. 
Ceanothus,    57. 
Cerastium,   21. 
Cercocarpus,   42. 
Chaenactis,  99. 
Cheiranthus,    36. 
Chenopodiacese,  37. 
Chrysopsis,   100. 
Chrysothamnus,    98. 
Cirsium,     98. 
Clarkia,    64. 
Claytonia,    22. 
Clematis,   26. 
Cogswellia,   67. 
Collinsia,  86. 
Collomia,  74. 
Comandra,   15. 
Compositse,    94. 
Coniferae,    1. 
Conringia,   37. 
Convolvulacese,   72. 
Convolvulus,    73. 
Corallorhiza,   9. 


104 


INDEX 


Cornaceae,    69. 

Cornus,    69. 

Corydalis,    28. 

Cowania,    43. 

Crataegus,   46. 

Crassulacese,  38. 

Crepis,    97. 

Cruciferae,   29. 

Cryptanthe,   81. 

Cymopteris,   68. 

Cypripedium,    9. 

Delphinium,   24. 

Dicentra,   28. 

Diplotaxis,    38. 

Disporum,    5. 

Dodecatheon,  70. 

Draba,    32. 

Dracocephalum,  82. 

Drymocallis,    45. 

Echinospermum,    73 

Epilobium,  62. 
Erigeron,   102. 
Eriogonum,  16. 
Erodium,    52. 
Erysimum,    36. 
Erythronium,  5. 
Fagaceae,   13. 
Ferula,  66. 
Fi;agraria,    44. 
Fraxinus,    71. 
Fritillaria,   6. 
Fumaria,   28. 
Fumariaceae,   28. 
Galium,   90. 
Gaura,   64. 
Geraniaceae,   52. 
Geranium,  53. 
Geum,  45. 
Gilia,   74. 
Glaux,    70. 
Gleditsia,  47. 
Glycosma,   66. 
Glycyrrhiza,    51. 
Grindelia,   100. 
Hedysarum,    49. 
Heracleum,   67. 
Hesperochiron,   76. 
Heuchera,   39. 
Hookera,   6. 
Hutchinsia,    32. 
Hydrophyllaceae,   76. 


Hydrophyllum,    76. 

Iridacese,   8. 
Iris,    8. 
Iva,    98. 

Juniper  us,   1. 

Krynitskia,  81. 

Kunzia,   42. 

Labiatae,   82. 

Lamium,   83. 

Lappula,   78. 

Lathyrus,   52. 

Layia,    101. 

Legouzia,  93. 

L.eguminosse,    46.- 

Lepidium,    30. 

Leptotaenia,  66. 

Leucelene,  102. 

Liliaceaa,  4. 

Linacese,   53. 

Linanthus,    74. 

Linum,    54. 

Lithophragma,    40. 

Lithospermum,   79. 

Loasaceee,    61. 

Lomatium,   67. 

Lonicera,  92. 

Lupinus,   47. 

Lygodesmia,  95. 

Malva,   58. 

Malvaceae,   57. 

Malvastrum,  58. 

Marrubium,    83. 

Matricaria,    98. 
Medicago,   48. 
Melilotus,    49. 
Mentzelia,    61. 
Mertensia,   79. 
Microseris,   95. 
Microsteris,   74. 
Mimulus,    86. 
Mitella,    39. 
Monolepis,   18. 
Montia,   22. 
Morus,  14. 
Nasturtium,  35. 
Navarretia,  75. 
Nepeta,    82. 
Nemophila,    77. 
Nicotiana,   84. 
Nyctaginaceae,  19. 
Obione,   18. 


INDEX 


105 


Oenothera,    63. 
Oleacese,   71. 
Onagraceae,    62. 
Opulaster,    43. 
Opuntia,   61. 
Orchidacese,   8. 
Oreocarya,   81. 
Orobanchaceae,  88. 
Orobanche,  88. 
Orogenia,  68. 
Osmorrhiza,    66. 
Oxybaphus,  19. 
Oxygraphis,  25. 
Pachystima,    55. 
Pachylophus,   63. 
Papaveraceae,    27. 
Pastinaca,    66. 
Pentstemon,    85. 
Peucedanum,  67. 
Phacelia,   77. 
Phlox,   73. 
Physaria,   34. 
Physocarpus,  43. 
Picea,  4. 
Pinacese,  1. 
Pinus,  2. 

Plagiobothrys,   81. 
Plantaginaceae,  89. 
Plantago,    90. 
Polemoniaceae,   73. 
Polemonium,   75. 
Polygonaceae,   15. 
Populus,  11. 
Portulacaceae,  22. 
Potentilla,   45. 
Primulaceae,  69. 
Prosartes,  5. 
Prunella,    82. 
Prunus,  42. 
Pseudotsuga,  3. 
Ptilocalais,    95. 
Purshia,   42. 
Quamassia,   S. 
Quercus,    13. 
Radicula,  35. 
Ranunculaceae,   23. 
Ranunculus,   25. 
Rhamnaceae,    57. 
Rhus,   54. 
Ribes,  40. 
Robinia,   49. 


Roripa,  35. 
Rosa,  45. 
Rosaceae,   41. 
Rubiaceae,    90. 
Rubus,    43. 
Rumex,   16. 
Sabina,    1. 
Salicacese,  9. 
Salix,   10. 
Sambucus,    91. 
Santalaceae,    15. 
Saponaria,   20. 
Saxifragaceae,   38. 
Scrophularia,    86. 
Scrophulariacese,    84. 
Sedum,  38. 
Senecio,    100. 
Sida,   59.     • 
Silene,    20. 
Sisymbrium,  35. 
Sisyrinchium,    8. 
Smilacena,  5. 
Solanaceae,    84. 
Solanum,   84. 
Sophia,  35. 
Specularia,    93. 
Sphaeralcea,   58. 
Sphaerostigma,    63. 
Stellaria,   21. 
Stenophragma,    35. 
Streptanthus,  34. 
Symphoricarpos,   91. 
Taraxacum,   97. 
Tellima,  40. 
Thalesia,  88. 
Thalictrum,    24. 
Thelypodium,   36. 
Tragopogon,    95. 
Trifolium,   48. 
Troximon,    96. 
Ulmus,   14. 
Umbelliferse,    65. 
Urticacese,   13. 
Vaccaria,    20. 
Vagnera,    5. 
Valerianacese,  92. 
Valeriana,  92. 
Valerianella,   93. 
Verbena,  82. 
Verbenaceae,   81. 
Veronica,   87. 


106 


Vicia,   51. 
Viola,    59. 
Violaceae,   59. 
Washing-tonia, 


INDEX 


Wyethia,    100. 
Zizia,  69. 
Zyg-adenus,   7. 


NOTES 


NOTES 


NOTES 


NOTES 


NOTES 


NOTES 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


221025 


» 


